Follow the link HERE
The photo is of me and Reid doing kitchen chores and finding information the internet about the benefits of rowing
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 28, 2008
BBC Health Check on Rowing and why it is good for you:
Follow the link HERE
The photo is of me and Reid doing kitchen chores and finding information the internet about the benefits of rowing
Dec 25, 2008
Xmas row and thoughts
We had a very nice Xmas. My children got what they wished for and my wife and I are thankful for having a happy and healthy family. I have to confess that I did a few detours in my diet in the last few days. Quite often chocolate and other rich foods were offered to me and I did not have the discipline to politely decline... On top of this, my wife and I were busy organizing for the holidays and I did not get to put in my usual miles on my WaterRower. After opening the presents I took the opportunity to roll out my WaterRower to the living room. Reid just finished eating and was happy jumping in his bouncer. Erin, Reid, and I were watching a great show of aerial views of coastlines around the world in high definition. My WaterRower was set one foot away from the TV screen and I felt I was on a hang-glider rowing :-) The setting was perfect for a paddle. As I started rowing I felt a little stiff from sitting around and having interrupted sleep since the birth of Reid in July. In honor of Erin, I should just put up and shut up, because her sleep started being bad six months into “our” pregnancy.
25 minutes into my row I started loosening up and felt the air in my stomach magically disappear. This is when the breathing technique of exhaling into the catch made me think again about most people who row past their most competitive years. If you have a little extra cargo above your hip joint, you will find it far more pleasant to breathe and relax during your row the way I described above. As for the highly trim group, don’t think that my breathing is dictated only by my massiveness. In the contrary, when I was ultra fit, I exhaled rolling into the last half of the recovery and found the best possible effortless hang of the leg drive.
My other thought during my hour long row, which ended in a right-arm-only-pull for the last five minutes while my son Reid was riding in my right arm, was that I am addicted to exercise, but I am not a glutton for punishment. My motto in live is to workout long and steady, like a diesel engine pulling freight through the Mohave Desert. Even when I was training for the Olympics, most of my workouts were long and steady, which I loved. I did not care much about “ramming” into intolerable pain in order to win races.
My advice to the majority of rowers is to go long and steady for 90% of the time, after all you only have one body. Of course, it is OK to row super hard here and there... but you won’t catch me in a rat race for personal bests now that I consider myself a DIESEL ENGINE that is going for the long haul: “ROWING ROWING ROWING...ROWING ROWING ROWING...ROWHIDE!!!”
Over and out.
Xeno.
www.ironoarsman.com
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 24, 2008
Wonderful and heart breaking at the same time. Alzheimer's
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 23, 2008
Stressed? Find time to row, difficult? Here is how I look at it:
Hello Everyone & happy holidays,
This morning I watched our baby Reid. He is so cute, our family loves him to pieces. I happened to be awake first and was planning to row my WaterRower in front of Good Morning America, when my wife opened the bedroom door and asked if I could come get Reid, since he woke up. No problem, I responded. I carried him in his electrical swing to the living room right next to the WaterRower. He gave me a whole half hour of happiness. I did not push the envelope and row until he would get bored. I stopped at a point at which I felt would be good for Reid and me to have a change of scenery. I changed him and dressed him with fresh clothes. He was totally happy. We walked back to the living room and I set him in his bouncer. I looked up on our DVR one of the stored baby shows and turned on Classical Baby and proceeded to row another 10 minutes. Had he stayed asleep I would have rowed 90 minutes at a leisurely pace. As I was rowing I started thinking of all the people who may not have rowing ingrained in their brain. People, to whom it must not be so easy to chose to exercise when things are not all perfectly in order with their schedules and lives. We hear in the news of all the financial and holiday stresses that exist and need to be coped with. How can anyone find time to move their body for their health and mental break. Here is how I see it. When you make the decision to exercise, start out easy. Be gentle to yourself and pick a low level of intensity. Let your body temperature rise slowly, no need to shock the system, at this point of the year, it already is with all that is going on in our world. Consider the exercise as therapy and not a ball busting workout from hell. With this attitude you will be more likely to repeat your exercise routine for a lifetime.
Fighting stress is done by finding peace and that is why I LOVE THE WATERROWER. I like to row the WaterRower leisurely. The resistance is evenly spread out through the stroke and the swishing sound of the water, totally therapeutic. While I was rowing, no one was woken up. The belt mechanism is sound free and the wheels of the seat whisper quiet, only the sound of water, just like rowing in a single scull. Believe me, I have found rowing nirvana with WaterRower. I break a sweat and feel rejuvenated. If you are on the fence about acquiring a fitness machine, give the WaterRower a good luck and a test row. Take my word for it, I am an addicted rower, and I need to break a sweat without losing love for working out. Me too, I need to find peace and quiet in my life! Cheers everyone!
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 18, 2008
I can make you faster with skype
Hello Rowers!!!
Today, I SKYPE coached as far north as YELLOWKNIFE, Canada. It was great. Can’t believe that there is no snow only between June and September. Currently the temperature is -40 degrees. As I was told -40 in fahrenheit is the SAME as -40 in degrees Celsius!
The other day, I coached in Sydney on the tenths floor of a building overlooking Circle Quay. I also help coach a group of juniors in Minnesota.
SKYPE proves to be an incredible tool, which enables me to be different places in the world without traveling. I am very effective with the webcam, it is an awesome feeling to be able to help someone improve their rowing technique within minutes.
My rate is $40 for 20 minutes of coaching.
All the best and happy holidays!!!
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 7, 2008
After college & the Olympics
Hello Rowers,
This post is about my passion for rowing indoors after college and the Olympics.
As I mentioned in an earlier post, I am 36 years old, and at the "beginning" of my life long rowing career. As I look back in time, rowing at the Olympics, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to life long miles rowed. To people I meet, I tell them that I am rowing because I want to chase down my great grand children and regular rows will make this dream happen. In the same breath, I add that rowing is a sport that can be practiced until up to 300 years of age. Once I am of grandfather age, I see myself commuting in a class A RV with my wife to visit our grandchildren, for this I need to stay fit and row everyday.
"We" the rowers know of the zero impact/full body workout rowing is. In my opinion, it is the only cardiovascular sport to be practiced efficiently until advanced age. It is true, that cross country skiing and swimming are also zero "impact/full body workouts", BUT... Let's face it, for cross country skiing requires snow, ability to ski on slippery stuff, and enjoy cold temperatures. As for swimming, you need a pool, and efficient swimming technique in order to have a workout at all. In addition to the swimming option, you will get a soaked hairdo.
"The others" (pretty much the rest of the world) don't know anything about rowing, let alone, the high quality indoor rowing exercise option. As I see it, my job is to inform and educate the rest of the world to whom rowing is a foreign concept. While I write these lines, I am reminded of how many actual collegiate rowers passionately HATE rowing indoors... to them I say that sitting on a rowing machine is not that bad at all, if you have the right state of mind. From experience, I know, that if you learned to row at a boathouse with a coach, you were likely abused and mistreated :-) while being judged on your rowing ability on the ergometer. Therefore you are entitled to hate rowing indoors but keep your mind open to be rehabilitated to enjoy the sport off the water. Too often, unfortunately, the rowing machine is mainly used to compare raw endurance, which is wrongly equated to on the water boat moving ability. This last statement makes me want to scream.
So next time you climb onto the ergometer, whether it is the WaterRower or the Concept2, be mellow and find your groove. Love the ability to stretch out and smoothly move your body back and forth. Rowing is simultaneously a physical as well as a mental BREAK/workout.
Finally, my last advice is to be gentle to your body, you only have one, so don't freak out if an old friend from college is 50 seconds faster for 2K than you are. Use it as motivation to gradually get fit, OK?
Yours truely,
Xeno
www.ironoarsman.com
www.cafepress.com/gorow
This post is about my passion for rowing indoors after college and the Olympics.
As I mentioned in an earlier post, I am 36 years old, and at the "beginning" of my life long rowing career. As I look back in time, rowing at the Olympics, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to life long miles rowed. To people I meet, I tell them that I am rowing because I want to chase down my great grand children and regular rows will make this dream happen. In the same breath, I add that rowing is a sport that can be practiced until up to 300 years of age. Once I am of grandfather age, I see myself commuting in a class A RV with my wife to visit our grandchildren, for this I need to stay fit and row everyday.
"We" the rowers know of the zero impact/full body workout rowing is. In my opinion, it is the only cardiovascular sport to be practiced efficiently until advanced age. It is true, that cross country skiing and swimming are also zero "impact/full body workouts", BUT... Let's face it, for cross country skiing requires snow, ability to ski on slippery stuff, and enjoy cold temperatures. As for swimming, you need a pool, and efficient swimming technique in order to have a workout at all. In addition to the swimming option, you will get a soaked hairdo.
"The others" (pretty much the rest of the world) don't know anything about rowing, let alone, the high quality indoor rowing exercise option. As I see it, my job is to inform and educate the rest of the world to whom rowing is a foreign concept. While I write these lines, I am reminded of how many actual collegiate rowers passionately HATE rowing indoors... to them I say that sitting on a rowing machine is not that bad at all, if you have the right state of mind. From experience, I know, that if you learned to row at a boathouse with a coach, you were likely abused and mistreated :-) while being judged on your rowing ability on the ergometer. Therefore you are entitled to hate rowing indoors but keep your mind open to be rehabilitated to enjoy the sport off the water. Too often, unfortunately, the rowing machine is mainly used to compare raw endurance, which is wrongly equated to on the water boat moving ability. This last statement makes me want to scream.
So next time you climb onto the ergometer, whether it is the WaterRower or the Concept2, be mellow and find your groove. Love the ability to stretch out and smoothly move your body back and forth. Rowing is simultaneously a physical as well as a mental BREAK/workout.
Finally, my last advice is to be gentle to your body, you only have one, so don't freak out if an old friend from college is 50 seconds faster for 2K than you are. Use it as motivation to gradually get fit, OK?
Yours truely,
Xeno
www.ironoarsman.com
www.cafepress.com/gorow
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 21, 2008
Better Resolution Olympic Gold Medal Race
Better resolution video on youtube for the Olympic gold medal race.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 20, 2008
The Benefits of Indoor Rowing
The Benefits of Indoor Rowing
Exercise is good, in any form. But there are some forms that score head and tail over the others, and rowing, or more specifically indoor rowing, is one of them. If there ever was a complete body workout in one exercise, it’s rowing. It looks as if it’s just the arms that are getting a workout, but no, that’s not true at all. A surprising fact about rowing that not many people are aware of is that, contrary to popular belief, this exercise works your legs more than your hands – an indoor rower offers your legs three times more work than your arms. Rowing is a great workout for people of all ages, and here’s why:
It’s not weight-bearing: Rowing, unlike jogging or walking, does not put additional strain on your lower limbs, but still exercises your legs like running does. This prevents wear and tear on your knees, lower limbs and other joints, a side effect that appears when you jog regularly over a long period of time.
It exercises your whole body: Rowing offers you the double benefits of a cardiovascular workout and strength training all rolled into one. It exercises all the major muscle groups in your body. You get a complete workout with just one machine.
It’s safe for people of all ages: Rowing can be done as gently or as vigorously as you choose, which is why it’s a great exercise even for people who’re not in the prime of their life. Older people, especially those who have knee trouble, find it more convenient and less stressful than walking.
It’s great for rehab: People who have undergone a major knee surgery find rowing a safe and low-impact, yet energetic workout during rehab when they must exercise without stressing their knees. Rowing also helps smokers who have quit the habit to exercise their lungs and thus undo the damages caused by years of smoking.
It helps you lose weight: Because it’s a complete exercise, it helps you lose those unwanted pounds and also tones your body.
It’s an all-weather activity: You don’t have to worry about rain or shine; all you need is an indoor rowing machine and you’re good to go. Work out at any time of the day according to your convenience.
By-line:
This article is contributed by Sarah Scrafford, who regularly writes on the topic of Online EKG Programs. She invites your questions, comments and freelancing job inquiries at her email address: sarah.scrafford25@gmail.com.
Exercise is good, in any form. But there are some forms that score head and tail over the others, and rowing, or more specifically indoor rowing, is one of them. If there ever was a complete body workout in one exercise, it’s rowing. It looks as if it’s just the arms that are getting a workout, but no, that’s not true at all. A surprising fact about rowing that not many people are aware of is that, contrary to popular belief, this exercise works your legs more than your hands – an indoor rower offers your legs three times more work than your arms. Rowing is a great workout for people of all ages, and here’s why:
It’s not weight-bearing: Rowing, unlike jogging or walking, does not put additional strain on your lower limbs, but still exercises your legs like running does. This prevents wear and tear on your knees, lower limbs and other joints, a side effect that appears when you jog regularly over a long period of time.
It exercises your whole body: Rowing offers you the double benefits of a cardiovascular workout and strength training all rolled into one. It exercises all the major muscle groups in your body. You get a complete workout with just one machine.
It’s safe for people of all ages: Rowing can be done as gently or as vigorously as you choose, which is why it’s a great exercise even for people who’re not in the prime of their life. Older people, especially those who have knee trouble, find it more convenient and less stressful than walking.
It’s great for rehab: People who have undergone a major knee surgery find rowing a safe and low-impact, yet energetic workout during rehab when they must exercise without stressing their knees. Rowing also helps smokers who have quit the habit to exercise their lungs and thus undo the damages caused by years of smoking.
It helps you lose weight: Because it’s a complete exercise, it helps you lose those unwanted pounds and also tones your body.
It’s an all-weather activity: You don’t have to worry about rain or shine; all you need is an indoor rowing machine and you’re good to go. Work out at any time of the day according to your convenience.
By-line:
This article is contributed by Sarah Scrafford, who regularly writes on the topic of Online EKG Programs. She invites your questions, comments and freelancing job inquiries at her email address: sarah.scrafford25@gmail.com.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 19, 2008
WaterRower rowing machine, here is another reason I enjoy rowing it.
I am drawn to use the waterrower, because it feels gentler on the body and the ears in comparison to other rowing machines. You can have a hard workout, but if you wish a lighter paddle at lower rates the strokes feel more connected through the finish then wind resistance machines.
Learn more here...
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 16, 2008
Rowing for wellness and the reasons for this blog.
Hello readers,
My name is Xeno Muller. I am 36 years old, married and father of four children. I live in Southern California, Costa Mesa to be exact. I run an indoor rowing studio, called the Iron Oarsman, sell indoor rowing workout DVDs and I coach on the water.
My rowing background goes all the way back to when I was 13 years old. My first strokes were taken on the Seine river in France. Six years later, I rowed for Brown and competed at three Olympics. In 1992, I almost made the finals in the men's single scull, but missed qualifying by half a boat length. In 1996, I made it and won gold in the single scull. In 2000, I returned from Australia with silver.
There is plenty more to write about myself, but the point of this blog is to further help people achieve there personal goals. After five years running the Iron Oarsman, I gained a lot more perspective about rowing and its beneftis, which goes way beyond the competitive aspect of the sport.
99% of our members at the Iron Oarsman, have never rowed on the water. I learned of their personal reasons and motivations, as to why they started working out with us. In this blog, I will write about training for competition, but also on rowing's health/therapeutic & wellness benefits.
In my opinion rowing is still completely unknown to the rest of the world. Yet so many would love to row to feel better and improve their quality of life without ever planning to compete in their life time.
I am looking forward to doing research and blogging here on Row2K.
So for now I wish you a great fall/spring depending hemisphere.
All the best, Xeno www.ironoarsman.com
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 14, 2008
Come row a WaterRower at our Indoor Rowing Studio afterwards you can walk along the Pacific Ocean.
Hello Rowers,You might want to come visit the Iron Oarsman and row a WaterRower.
I took these pictures last night with my IPHONE. It so happens that the lighting was just perfect for the lower photo resolution of the IPHONE.
See you soon here in Southern California.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 11, 2008
The latest with my WaterRower rowing machine on youtube.
On Youtube
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Breathing technique while rowing.
Hello Rowers,
It came to my attention that breathing technique is not a commonly understood in rowing.
I had two Olympic coaches, Harry Mahon, and Marty Aikten. They were respectively from New Zealand and Australia.
Harry and Marty taught me to row effortlessly.
Here is in words what such rowing technique is: At the catch ready to engage the leg drive, the upper body is at a "forward body angle" with the lower back supported so that the tilt occurs by hinging at the hip joint. The shoulders are set forward relaxed, arms are straight at the elbow, handle held in the finger tips. The head neck and back form an ergonomic line. The shins are vertical, and for most the ball of the foot is connected to the foot board, while the heels are off the board.
The drive is started through the legs, the heels descend onto the foot board as soon as the first quarter of the seat travels on the track. The body angle starts engaging the swing in the last quarter of the leg drive, when the legs are the most powerful and the seat travels the least. Engaging the upper body swing in the last quarter of the leg drive is key to being able to lever the short yet powerful travel of the seat/body.
The finish position has a supported lower back. The upper body is slightly beyond vertical. The forearms are parallel to the ground/water. Wrists are flush with the back of the hand, forearm, and first two row of knuckles. Chest is "out" because throughout the entire stroke cycle the back is ALWAYS supported. The handle travels to the body through the CONTRACTION of the latissimus muscle.
Recovery has the entire body relaxed. Hands travel away from the chest. Arms and upper body REST on the handle of the oars or the handle of the rowing machine. As the arms straighten out at the elbow, the shoulders and then the upper body follow, HINGING at the HIP JOINT. The knees stay straight until the hamstrings feel engaged, the rolling back into the catch occurs because of the contraction of the hamstring, AND NOT THE contraction of the hip flexor.
Key to efficient rowing is to HANG off the leg drive, letting the legs do the work, while the shoulders and arms hang straight.
Therefore breathing is key to the above technique: Absolute relaxation occurs through exhaling. With lose lungs, hanging of the leg drive is natural. As the acceleration progresses and the upper body swings OPEN the lungs fill with air and provide a strong finish position.
At higher intensity the breathing is doubled up.
Some rowers breath in on the recovery and exhale at the finish. This leads to a shorter stroke length and early use of the upper body. A the finish when exhaling the posture "crumbles" on the lower back, and usually knees buckle, instead of staying straight to connect through the foot board.
That is it for now.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 8, 2008
The sound of water, beautiful to listen to and quiet enough for family life.
This afternoon I "went" for a row in my living room. I wheeled my WaterRower next to the TV as my children and wife were watching Dancing with the Stars. The sound of the water swishing around, as I was rowing, created a peaceful white noise. Before, when I used a rowing machine with loud air resistance, I had to find a place different from our home's common area. I didn't like missing out on family time.
I like a daily routine, which encompasses two workouts. In the morning, I run a class at our indoor rowing gym, The Iron Oarsman. Later in the day, at home, I jump on my WaterRower for a tranquil 10 kilometer row. This daily workout rhythm makes me feel great and gives me a peaceful state of mine.
I absolutely love how I can simultaneously be with my family and push stroke after stroke enjoying my workout on the WaterRower.
Here is the information for WaterRower.
Story in a British newspaper.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
SKYPE ready to coach.
Hello Rowers,
I am SKYPE ready anywhere there is cellphone reception. I am the proud owner of a G3 internet adapter for my computer. All you need is a webcam, internet connection, earphones, computer, and the FREE to download SKYPE software for PC and MAC.
My coaching fee is $40 for 15 minutes.
Make your appointment today at xeno@ironoarsman.com
Check out the monthly training program subscription that I have at www.ironoarsman.com and the indoor rowing workout DVDs.
See you soon.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 6, 2008
Vertigo, inner ear problems, while exercising on a stationary rowing machine.
Hello Rowers and Fitness People who enjoy rowing indoors.
Rowing machines are great, but not all are built the same.
Most rowing machines have a track on which the seat rolls back and forth. That track is either built with a slope or horizontal to the ground.
If you are a person who suffers of inner ear problems / vertigo you might want to consider a rowing machine that has a horizontal track. The WaterRower has a LEVEL/horizontal track. This means that the head and body movement glides back and forth following a level surface. The Concept2 rowing machine is built with a few degrees of slope added to the track. Although it is a minor elevation difference, it is significant for people who have inner ear problems / vertigo. The constant change in height and back and forth movement makes handling the motion of rowing more difficult.
In my opinion a level track is better for people who suffer of inner ear problems and balance problems.
Xeno
Rowing machines are great, but not all are built the same.
Most rowing machines have a track on which the seat rolls back and forth. That track is either built with a slope or horizontal to the ground.
If you are a person who suffers of inner ear problems / vertigo you might want to consider a rowing machine that has a horizontal track. The WaterRower has a LEVEL/horizontal track. This means that the head and body movement glides back and forth following a level surface. The Concept2 rowing machine is built with a few degrees of slope added to the track. Although it is a minor elevation difference, it is significant for people who have inner ear problems / vertigo. The constant change in height and back and forth movement makes handling the motion of rowing more difficult.
In my opinion a level track is better for people who suffer of inner ear problems and balance problems.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 4, 2008
Reflection on rowing by a great friend of mine.
Hi Xeno,
Row. row and rowing more will definitely improve your health ie, weight loss, lower blood pressure, help to regulate blood glucose in the normal range, improve upper and lower body strength and flexibility, improve balance,improve circulation by developing new capillary beds and pumping action of the heart and as with most aerobic exercises it stimulates the release brain neurotransmitters that give us a natural feeling of well being ... you feel GREAT! These are all the benefits I have experienced since I started to row 3 years ago. Improvement in my self confidence as I relate to the world is another significant benefit that has occurred as a result of rowing.
Rowing is a very flexible sport accommodating those folks that just want to maintain and improve their health to the competitive elite rowers. Rowing is a complete body workout with minimal force application to the major weight bearing joints of the body . Everyone should try rowing to see if they like it!
Rowing on the water is ultimate goal for me . Rowing a single shell , a double or a quad is an art form as well as a sport that is not matched by any other sport. It is beautiful to watch the rower, the shell ,the oars , the water and the intertwined relationship between them .....it is absolutely thrilling!
Training on an ergometer has helped hundreds of rowers improve their rowing skills. I have trained only on the C2 and it has done a great job of improving my rowing skills. However, rowing the Waterower at NARF gave me the inspiration that this new ergometer would be ideal for home use for myself and my wife who is not a rower yet. I like all of its features and how it feels during the catch and drive. I will discuss the details in the next day or two.
Sincerely,
P.
Row. row and rowing more will definitely improve your health ie, weight loss, lower blood pressure, help to regulate blood glucose in the normal range, improve upper and lower body strength and flexibility, improve balance,improve circulation by developing new capillary beds and pumping action of the heart and as with most aerobic exercises it stimulates the release brain neurotransmitters that give us a natural feeling of well being ... you feel GREAT! These are all the benefits I have experienced since I started to row 3 years ago. Improvement in my self confidence as I relate to the world is another significant benefit that has occurred as a result of rowing.
Rowing is a very flexible sport accommodating those folks that just want to maintain and improve their health to the competitive elite rowers. Rowing is a complete body workout with minimal force application to the major weight bearing joints of the body . Everyone should try rowing to see if they like it!
Rowing on the water is ultimate goal for me . Rowing a single shell , a double or a quad is an art form as well as a sport that is not matched by any other sport. It is beautiful to watch the rower, the shell ,the oars , the water and the intertwined relationship between them .....it is absolutely thrilling!
Training on an ergometer has helped hundreds of rowers improve their rowing skills. I have trained only on the C2 and it has done a great job of improving my rowing skills. However, rowing the Waterower at NARF gave me the inspiration that this new ergometer would be ideal for home use for myself and my wife who is not a rower yet. I like all of its features and how it feels during the catch and drive. I will discuss the details in the next day or two.
Sincerely,
P.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 3, 2008
Understanding Training Intensity In Rowing
Hello,
Most of training is done below 2mmol of lactic acid, which is the aerobic threshold. The fitter one gets, the harder the work at lower lactate levels is possible for longer periods of time.
When we do different stroke rate changes, it is likely that rates above 26 produce lactate levels above 2mmol, and that is OK, if it is not done too often for longer periods of time per week.
The pyramids, which range from 18 to 28 strokes per minute, are a great tool to condition the body and its necessary chemical exchange without spending too much time in higher lactic acid concentrations.
The all out low stroke rate 7 minute pieces are there to maximize torque and push as hard as possible. Lactate concentration will go between 6 and 8 for most fit people by the end of each piece. Currently, uninformed coaches, abuse such workouts by making their rowers repeat such pieces TOO MANY TIMES, the result leads to physiological and mental overtraining.
The goal with my training program is to make training at or below 2mmol more interesting. Gradually, you will notice that at such heart rates you end up being able to push harder and lower your split times without increasing the stroke rate.
Also take into consideration this heart rate formula to determine the aerobic heart rate threshold:
[Max heart rate - Rest heart rate]X.78 + Rest heart rate= Aerobic Threshold Heart Rate.
For example for me that would be
[178-36]X.78+36= 146.
Most of my training would be at 146 plus minus 5 heart beats depending on biorhythm.
Ok?
Xeno
Consider rowing a waterrower at: www.waterrower.com
Most of training is done below 2mmol of lactic acid, which is the aerobic threshold. The fitter one gets, the harder the work at lower lactate levels is possible for longer periods of time.
When we do different stroke rate changes, it is likely that rates above 26 produce lactate levels above 2mmol, and that is OK, if it is not done too often for longer periods of time per week.
The pyramids, which range from 18 to 28 strokes per minute, are a great tool to condition the body and its necessary chemical exchange without spending too much time in higher lactic acid concentrations.
The all out low stroke rate 7 minute pieces are there to maximize torque and push as hard as possible. Lactate concentration will go between 6 and 8 for most fit people by the end of each piece. Currently, uninformed coaches, abuse such workouts by making their rowers repeat such pieces TOO MANY TIMES, the result leads to physiological and mental overtraining.
The goal with my training program is to make training at or below 2mmol more interesting. Gradually, you will notice that at such heart rates you end up being able to push harder and lower your split times without increasing the stroke rate.
Also take into consideration this heart rate formula to determine the aerobic heart rate threshold:
[Max heart rate - Rest heart rate]X.78 + Rest heart rate= Aerobic Threshold Heart Rate.
For example for me that would be
[178-36]X.78+36= 146.
Most of my training would be at 146 plus minus 5 heart beats depending on biorhythm.
Ok?
Xeno
Consider rowing a waterrower at: www.waterrower.com
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 2, 2008
Side By Side Comparison WaterRower And Concept2
Hello Rowers
I love my WaterRower.
Today I had a side by side comparison of the WaterRower and the Concept2 at a regatta here in Newport Beach, called NARF (Newport Autumn Rowing Festival).
Here are a few reasons why I enjoy the WaterRower:
1. The WaterRower is made out of wood and the design is pleasing to the eye.
2. You have a clear view of the scenery, because there is no huge flywheel sitting ahead of the foot board. This makes TV viewing easy and face to face rowing with a partner more comfortable.
3. The seat is form fitting and comfortable, no need for a seat pad or folded towel to keep the rear from getting soar.
4. The handle is softer to the touch and therefore kinder on the finger joints.
5. The belt mechanism is quiet, whereas the concept2 chain noise is loud and metalic. 6. The water sound is quieter and kinder to the ears than the whistle of the C2 flywheel. This makes rowing at home more social with non rowing family members.
7. The connection at the beginning of the rowing stroke (catch) is smoother on the WaterRower than on the C2.
8. The resistance on the WaterRower is more evenly spread out through the stroke, from catch to finish, than on the C2, where you find the resistance of the finish running out, unless you really keep the acceleration going to the point that it does not feel like real rowing anymore.
9. I enjoy the horizontal track on the WaterRower, instead of the slight slope that the Concept2 has, which makes over compressing the knees more likely.
I am very excited about rowing the WaterRower.
To Concept2's defense, stroke rates of 38 and above run more smoothly through the chain mechanism.
All the best,
Xeno
To purchase a WaterRower got to www.waterrower.com make sure you add that you want a Xeno Muller workout DVD.
On Sun, Nov 2, 2008 at 7:37 PM, wrote:
I love my WaterRower.
Today I had a side by side comparison of the WaterRower and the Concept2 at a regatta here in Newport Beach, called NARF (Newport Autumn Rowing Festival).
Here are a few reasons why I enjoy the WaterRower:
1. The WaterRower is made out of wood and the design is pleasing to the eye.
2. You have a clear view of the scenery, because there is no huge flywheel sitting ahead of the foot board. This makes TV viewing easy and face to face rowing with a partner more comfortable.
3. The seat is form fitting and comfortable, no need for a seat pad or folded towel to keep the rear from getting soar.
4. The handle is softer to the touch and therefore kinder on the finger joints.
5. The belt mechanism is quiet, whereas the concept2 chain noise is loud and metalic. 6. The water sound is quieter and kinder to the ears than the whistle of the C2 flywheel. This makes rowing at home more social with non rowing family members.
7. The connection at the beginning of the rowing stroke (catch) is smoother on the WaterRower than on the C2.
8. The resistance on the WaterRower is more evenly spread out through the stroke, from catch to finish, than on the C2, where you find the resistance of the finish running out, unless you really keep the acceleration going to the point that it does not feel like real rowing anymore.
9. I enjoy the horizontal track on the WaterRower, instead of the slight slope that the Concept2 has, which makes over compressing the knees more likely.
I am very excited about rowing the WaterRower.
To Concept2's defense, stroke rates of 38 and above run more smoothly through the chain mechanism.
All the best,
Xeno
To purchase a WaterRower got to www.waterrower.com make sure you add that you want a Xeno Muller workout DVD.
On Sun, Nov 2, 2008 at 7:37 PM,
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 30, 2008
WaterRower great to row and beautiful to look at!!!!
When you first walk up to a WaterRower, you notice its low profile, which makes rowing while TV viewing a dream come true. As you sit down, you are pleasantly surprised by its comfortable seat, no need for a seat pad or folded-towel-contraptions to keep the pain away from your rear end. Then you grab the ergonomically designed handle and your fingers fall in to a lose hanging grip, which keeps your forearms relaxed during your row and keeps blisters at bay. Rowing the WaterRower is as close to rowing on the water as it gets. The natural resistance of water from the beginning of the stroke to the finish, makes the acceleration smooth and at the same time powerful. Gliding back on the horizontal track allows for a gentle leg compression. As you take stroke after stroke, you hear the water accelerating and decelerating, in perfect rhythm with your effort and recovery.
I can honestly say that it feels great to have stepped out of the common rowing box that we have found comfort in. The Iron Oarsman, our indoor rowing studio, will be decked out with WaterRowers. For more information you can visit my website: www.ironoarsman.com and our WaterRower information page. All the best, Xeno the eternal rower.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 26, 2008
Oct 19, 2008
Rowing in the spotlight with Former US Sergeon General C Everett Koop
Neat comment of former US Sergeon General, Dr. C Everett Koop, about rowing and the WaterRower.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 14, 2008
Atrial Fibrillation with Atlhtes
Lone atrial fibrillation
International Journal of Cardiology - oct 2008
Article in Press, Corrected Proof
'Lone' atrial fibrillation:next term Hunting for the underlying causes and links
Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece bDepartment of Cardiology,
Abstract
The presence of lone fibrillation presupposes the absence of structural heart disease, hypertension, or other known predisposing factors. However, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone fibrillation. In addition, modern diagnostic techniques often reveal some previously unappreciated abnormalities. Therefore, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links sets the base for a more complete elucidation of its etiology in the near future. This concise review article discusses the contemporary advances in the understanding of this form of fibrillation.
< br/>1. Introduction
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
2.2. Triggering factors
2.3. Atrial substrate
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
2.5. Genetic factors
2.6. Structural changes
3. Conclusion
References
1. Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a growing epidemic with significant health consequences and often a difficult management [1], [2] and [3]. It has been proposed that the aging of the population along with the increasing prevalence of associated risk factors accounts for the increase in AF incidence and prevalence during the past few decades [1] and [2]. Although most of the cases are attributable to other cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease, a small proportion is considered to be 'lone'; namely without obvious structural heart disease [4]. The diagnosis of lone AF is a diagnosis of exclusion a nd besides the absence of other cardiopulmonary disease presupposes the absence of hypertension, or any other known and easily identifiable cause, in relative young individuals (< 60 years old) [5]. However, the term 'lone AF' has been variously defined [5]. For example a recent international consensus on nomenclature and classification of AF mentions that only AF in the absence of heart disease is termed 'lone' while in the absence of any disease is termed 'idiopathic' [6]. The investigation for structural heart disease includes history, physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and echocardiography.
The natural history of lone AF has not been well-studied. However, accumulating data suggest that it is associated with a low risk of progression to permanent AF, mortality, congestive heart failure, and stroke/transient ischemic attack [4] and [7]. The increased thromboembolic risk as well as the tendency to become sustained over time seems to be rela ted to aging and other comorbidities that presumably create a substrate for arrhythmia maintenance leading to a vicious cycle [4] and [7]. In other words, the atrial remodeling that facilitates AF progression and thrombus formation may be more prominent in the case of other coexistent morbidities. Of note, the development of AF in the context of other cardiovascular disorders significantly increases morbidity and mortality [2] and [3]. In addition, AF adversely affects the quality of life and exercise capacity of affected individuals [8]. Therefore, the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may be of special value in order to manage these unfavourable effects.
As mentioned before, lone AF does not necessarily mean 'idiopathic'. As Lorbar and Spodick pointed out in the case of pericarditis: 'nothing is idiopathic'; suggesting that meticulous investigation and consideration of contemporary pathogenetic mechanisms may reveal or clarify, at least in part, the underlying etiology [9]. Nevertheless, this point of view could also be applied in the case of lone AF. Recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates several novel epidemiologic and pathophysiologic associations of AF [1] and [10]. It could therefore be hypothesized that many of the recorded lone or idiopathic AF cases are linked to other not well-known factors [11]. In this context, there seems to be an emerging challenge for the identification of the underlying causes and links in order to perform a timely intervention for the interruption of the vicious cycle that leads to atrial remodeling.
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
Undoubtedly, AF is a highly heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes, triggers, and substrates that interact with each other [12]. This interplay may be even more complex in the case of apparently lone AF where an overt cardiovascular disorder is lacking.
As outlined before, recent data support the notion that lone AF is a rhythm disturbance with other accompanied abnormalities. It is therefore reasonable to assume that, as medical knowledge advances, truly lone AF will be very rare [7], [11] and [13]. As Frost recently stated: "Perhaps we should stop using terms such as idiopathic or lone because in the end we will find a cause" [11]. This view is also supported by the high reported variation in the prevalence of lone AF (2–11%) indicating that after applying strict criteria this form of AF is much more rare than previously considered [7] and [13].
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
Several novel epidemiological associations of AF have recently emerged. The conditions that have been implicated include obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, increased alcohol consumption, anger and hostility (in men), pulse pressure, and subclinical atherosclerosis (assessed by carotid intima–media thickness) [1], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19 ], [20] and [21]. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms include atrial and ventricular structural changes, increased atrial stretch, autonomic imbalance, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and others [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and [21]. It is therefore tempting to speculate that these conditions, when present in individuals without structural heart disease and hypertension, might contribute to the development of apparently lone AF. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that a cause–effect relationship has not been clearly established while some inconsistent results have been reported [1]. It is also worth noting that some patients may represent occult cases of arterial hypertension that becomes apparent after the initial diagnosis of the arrhythmia [22].
2.2. Triggering factors
Lone AF appears to be more prevalent among males of relative young age [22] and [23]. The majority of patients are initially presented with paroxysmal A F most commonly triggered by sleep, exercise, alcohol use, and eating [23]. Moreover, there seems to be a predilection for tall, lean, and physically fit individuals [24]. It has also been suggested that in this young, apparently healthy, population the relative significance of triggers may be greater than the atrial substrate [24]. It is known that the progression from paroxysmal to persistent and permanent AF implies the development of atrial remodeling, namely electrophysiological and structural changes that promote AF. Consequently, the reported low risk of progression of lone AF to the permanent form [7] reinforces the view for the pivotal role of triggering factors. The pathogenic role of autonomic nervous system in AF is well-documented [25]. Fluctuations of the autonomic tone could be operative in several forms of lone AF such as exercise-induced (sympathetic), and sleeping-induced (parasympathetic) [23] and [24]. However, in most patients there is an interplay betwe en sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations. Vagal stimulation results in shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and hyperpolarization of atrial fibers, leading to increased conduction velocity [26]. These changes occur in some but not all of the atrial tissue, and this is the way re-entry is facilitated [26]. Vagal AF is considered idiopathic in most cases and occurs more frequently in men during periods of increased vagal tone, such as at night or early in the morning [26]. Furthermore, most of the available data support the association between sport practice and lone AF implicating the increased vagal tone as the principal underlying mechanism [27] and [28] R. Elosua, A. Arquer and L. Mont et al., Lone atrial fibrillation and sport practice. The no gain without pain history revisited again?, Int J Cardiol 118 (2007), pp. 414–415. Article | PDF (85 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0)[28]. It has also been proposed that the relative h ypoglycemia as well as the associated hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia observed during the nighttimes may increase the susceptibility to the vagally-mediated lone AF [24].
It is also of clinical importance to recognize drugs or other agents that trigger AF [29]. Several classes of drugs may induce AF in patients without apparent heart disease, although the relative evidence is largely based on individual case reports [29]. These include cardiac stimulants, antiarrhythmics, cholinergics, sympathomimetic inhalants, xanthines, cytostatics, central nervous system drugs, and others. Most of these agents possibly affect the autonomic tone promoting AF triggering, even in 'healthy' patients without any cardiopulmonary disease [29].
2.3. Atrial substrate
Despite the aforementioned considerations with respect to the role of triggers, several recent studies aimed to investigate the underlying substrate and genetic background in patients with lone AF. Firstly, a maj or concern has been arisen with regard to the proper diagnosis of lone AF given that the application of contemporary echocardiographic techniques often reveals some relevant abnormalities. For instance, modern indexes of diastolic function are not routinely employed during the evaluation of lone AF patients. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction relates to left atrial dilatation and stretch as well as to the development of AF [30]. Li and Wang demonstrated increased serum B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in paroxysmal lone AF patients compared to age- and sex-matched control subjects without differences in left atrial (LA) diameter and LV ejection fraction [31]. However, LV diastolic function parameters and LA volume had not been assessed [31]. On the contrary, Lee et al. showed independent correlations between BNP levels and LA volume index, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and E/E′ (an index of LV end-diastolic pressure) in lone AF patients indicating ear ly LV dysfunction and LA enlargement [32]. It has also been shown that LA volume is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone AF [33]. In addition, a recent echocardiographic case–control study demonstrated that in patients with lone paroxysmal AF, LA area and volume were larger than in healthy volunteers, despite there being similar LV dimensions, ejection fraction, and diastolic function and regardless of the recurrence of the arrhythmia [34]. Thus, 2-dimensional echocardiography in the anteroposterior dimension underestimates the true LA size in patients with lone paroxysmal AF [35]. Even in the presence of normal LV systolic and diastolic functions, LA diameter, and LA systolic activity, the LA diastolic performance may be compromised in patients with lone AF as evidenced by abnormalities of the systolic phase of pulmonary vein (PV) flow [36]. Collectively, it appears that LV diastolic and LA abnormalities are prevalent in appa rently lone AF but it is still unclear whether they represent a cause and/or consequence of the arrhythmia. Remarkably, Reant et al. demonstrated reverse morphological remodeling of the LA and improvement of LV diastolic and systolic functions after restoration of sinus rhythm by ablation for isolated ('lone') AF [37].
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
The anatomical site of arrhythmia initiation was recently investigated by mapping techniques in a group of adolescents with symptomatic, drug-refractory lone AF [38]. These patients were found to have firing irregular foci in the PVs, LA, or crista terminalis whereas in 88.9% of them successful catheter ablation was performed [38]. However, most of them demonstrated repetitive nonsustained atrial firing, with rapid irregular cycle lengths that did not precipitate AF during mapping [38]. With regard to adult patients, Todd et al. have indicated that total electrical isolation of the PV region, by surgical me ans, is highly effective in the management of drug-refractory lone AF [39]. The authors did not perform pre-surgical electrophysiologic studies, but spontaneous sustained AF from the isolated PV region was recorded postoperatively in 4/14 patients [39].
Focal discharges from the pulmonary veins and posterior LA are important in the initiation of AF in patients with structurally normal hearts [40] and [41]. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that sustained AF is the result of a combination of PV vein focal discharge and PV-LA re-entrant activity [42].
2.5. Genetic factors
A growing body of evidence suggests that familial AF is more frequent than previously considered while genetic influences are increasingly recognized as pathogenetic factors [43]. In the Framingham Heart Study, it was demonstrated that the presence of AF in at least 1 parent increases the risk of offspring AF by a factor of 1.85 [44]. Moreover, an analysis of AF cases from an arrhyt hmia clinic indicated that 5% of all AF patients and 15% of lone AF patients had a family history of the arrhythmia [45]. The identification of genetic susceptibility may be of special clinical importance, especially in lone AF patients, providing an etiologic background as well as the basis for therapeutic manipulations and prevention strategies. It has been reported that a substantial proportion (38–39%) of lone AF patients have evidence of familial disease [23] and [46]. It has also been demonstrated that the family members of probands with lone AF have a significantly increased risk of AF compared to that of the general population [46]. Bearing in mind that most episodes of lone AF are short and self-terminated (paroxysmal) or even asymptomatic, it could be concluded that the extent of AF familial aggregation may be underestimated [46].
Familial lone AF appears to be genetically heterogeneous. Genetic linkage analysis and candidate gene association studies have implicated several chromosomal loci and genes [43] and [47]. Recent studies have identified mutations in a series of ion channels; however, these channels appear to be relatively rare causes of AF [48]. Particularly, genes encoding repolarizing potassium channels (KCNQ1, KCNE, KCNJ2, KCNA5, KCNH2), connexins, and components of the renin–angiotensin system have been involved [43], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51] and [52]. Given the demonstrated low prevalence of mutations in the aforementioned potassium channels it can be hypothesized that additional disease genes for familial AF remain to be discovered [48]. For example, genes that encode other types of ion channels or atrial structural proteins can be considered as potential candidates [48].
It has been suggested that a specific polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene is a risk factor for chronic 'lone' AF, while C allele of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphism represents a protective factor [47 ]. In addition, a recent case–control study demonstrated that a common polymorphism of the cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) is present in one-third of lone AF patients representing a significant risk factor for the arrhythmia [53]. The association between Brugada syndrome and AF [54] supports the pathogenetic role of SCN5A. It has been reported that the prevalence of AF in these patients is in the order of 20% [55]. In a very recent study, the prevalence of saddleback ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads (types 2,3 of Brugada pattern) was significantly higher in lone AF compared to the control group (10% vs 0.4%, respectively) [56]. Since SCN5A mutations had been excluded, polymorphism or mutation(s) in genes controlling other ion channels could be present [56]. However, the possibility that electrical remodeling may cause the electrocardiographic saddleback pattern cannot be excluded [56]. Of note, it was recently demonstrated that AF patients without structur al heart disease have significantly shorter QT intervals than their age- and gender-matched healthy counterparts [57]. This finding might be explained by alterations in the slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKs) [57].
2.6. Structural changes
Besides the electrophysiological changes that may contribute to the development and perpetuation of AF, there is also increasing interest with respect to the microscopic structural abnormalities. The gap-junction proteins have currently attracted much interest. Remarkably, Gollob et al. demonstrated 4 novel mutations of the atrial-specific connexin 40 protein in 4 of the 15 patients with idiopathic AF [50]. Also, the aforementioned studies showing implication of renin–angiotensin related genes in lone AF [51] and [52] reinforce the role of this system in atrial remodeling [58]. Further support to this view was provided by recent findings of reduced apelin levels in lone AF, given that this endo genous peptide hormone has a physiological role in the counter-regulation of the angiotensin and vasopressin systems [59]. Currently, there is an intense research interest on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of AF [59] and [60]. Inflammatory indexes, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP) have been related to future AF development, AF recurrences after cardioversion, and to the persistence of the arrhythmia [60] and [61]. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of lone AF remains equivocal and limited. Only the study by Frustaci et al. demonstrated abnormal atrial histology in most of the patients with paroxysmal lone AF refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy (inflammatory infiltrates in 66% of patients) [62]. Conversely, other investigators failed to show inflammatory changes in LA histological specimens from lone AF patients [39]. Furthermore, Ellinor et al. failed to demonstrate increased CRP levels in patients with lone AF compared to controls whi le the opposite was observed in patients with AF and hypertension [63]. It has therefore been postulated that markers of inflammation are associated with the presence of other concomitant diseases [63]. Another case–control study showed elevated CRP levels in lone AF patients; however, subjects with hypertension had not been excluded [64]. In a recent observational study, CRP and interleukin-6 tended to be higher in lone AF patients compared to controls, although this difference did not reach statistical significance [65]. On the other hand, the protective role of polymorphism in IL-10 gene against lone AF could imply an anti-inflammatory mechanism since IL-10 is a major anti-inflammatory cytokine [47].
Another possibility of unexplained 'lone' AF is myocarditis and/or pericarditis. These affections may go unrecognized and when we see for the first time the patient it may be virtually impossible to diagnose the disease responsible for the arrhythmia but struct ural changes caused by the inflammatory infection may ensue. Moreover, the autoimmune reactions that follow a myocarditis may cause long-term atrial inflammatory abnormalities. Maixent et al., in a case–control study, demonstrated the presence of circulating autoantibodies against myosin heavy chain in a significant proportion of patients with lone paroxysmal AF raising the possibility of an autoimmune inflammatory process [66].
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone AF (Fig. 1). Undoubtedly, several issues regarding this form of AF remain elusive and controversial. However, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links will possibly shed more light on its etiology in the near future. The clinicians should be aware of these potential associations and manage effectively all the associated conditions. Finally, the detection of these causes and links using clin ical and laboratory diagnostic methods could potentially lead to the development of specific and individualized therapeutic approaches aiming at the reduction of AF burden.
International Journal of Cardiology - oct 2008
Article in Press, Corrected Proof
'Lone' atrial fibrillation:next term Hunting for the underlying causes and links
Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece bDepartment of Cardiology,
Abstract
The presence of lone fibrillation presupposes the absence of structural heart disease, hypertension, or other known predisposing factors. However, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone fibrillation. In addition, modern diagnostic techniques often reveal some previously unappreciated abnormalities. Therefore, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links sets the base for a more complete elucidation of its etiology in the near future. This concise review article discusses the contemporary advances in the understanding of this form of fibrillation.
< br/>1. Introduction
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
2.2. Triggering factors
2.3. Atrial substrate
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
2.5. Genetic factors
2.6. Structural changes
3. Conclusion
References
1. Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a growing epidemic with significant health consequences and often a difficult management [1], [2] and [3]. It has been proposed that the aging of the population along with the increasing prevalence of associated risk factors accounts for the increase in AF incidence and prevalence during the past few decades [1] and [2]. Although most of the cases are attributable to other cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease, a small proportion is considered to be 'lone'; namely without obvious structural heart disease [4]. The diagnosis of lone AF is a diagnosis of exclusion a nd besides the absence of other cardiopulmonary disease presupposes the absence of hypertension, or any other known and easily identifiable cause, in relative young individuals (< 60 years old) [5]. However, the term 'lone AF' has been variously defined [5]. For example a recent international consensus on nomenclature and classification of AF mentions that only AF in the absence of heart disease is termed 'lone' while in the absence of any disease is termed 'idiopathic' [6]. The investigation for structural heart disease includes history, physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and echocardiography.
The natural history of lone AF has not been well-studied. However, accumulating data suggest that it is associated with a low risk of progression to permanent AF, mortality, congestive heart failure, and stroke/transient ischemic attack [4] and [7]. The increased thromboembolic risk as well as the tendency to become sustained over time seems to be rela ted to aging and other comorbidities that presumably create a substrate for arrhythmia maintenance leading to a vicious cycle [4] and [7]. In other words, the atrial remodeling that facilitates AF progression and thrombus formation may be more prominent in the case of other coexistent morbidities. Of note, the development of AF in the context of other cardiovascular disorders significantly increases morbidity and mortality [2] and [3]. In addition, AF adversely affects the quality of life and exercise capacity of affected individuals [8]. Therefore, the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may be of special value in order to manage these unfavourable effects.
As mentioned before, lone AF does not necessarily mean 'idiopathic'. As Lorbar and Spodick pointed out in the case of pericarditis: 'nothing is idiopathic'; suggesting that meticulous investigation and consideration of contemporary pathogenetic mechanisms may reveal or clarify, at least in part, the underlying etiology [9]. Nevertheless, this point of view could also be applied in the case of lone AF. Recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates several novel epidemiologic and pathophysiologic associations of AF [1] and [10]. It could therefore be hypothesized that many of the recorded lone or idiopathic AF cases are linked to other not well-known factors [11]. In this context, there seems to be an emerging challenge for the identification of the underlying causes and links in order to perform a timely intervention for the interruption of the vicious cycle that leads to atrial remodeling.
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
Undoubtedly, AF is a highly heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes, triggers, and substrates that interact with each other [12]. This interplay may be even more complex in the case of apparently lone AF where an overt cardiovascular disorder is lacking.
As outlined before, recent data support the notion that lone AF is a rhythm disturbance with other accompanied abnormalities. It is therefore reasonable to assume that, as medical knowledge advances, truly lone AF will be very rare [7], [11] and [13]. As Frost recently stated: "Perhaps we should stop using terms such as idiopathic or lone because in the end we will find a cause" [11]. This view is also supported by the high reported variation in the prevalence of lone AF (2–11%) indicating that after applying strict criteria this form of AF is much more rare than previously considered [7] and [13].
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
Several novel epidemiological associations of AF have recently emerged. The conditions that have been implicated include obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, increased alcohol consumption, anger and hostility (in men), pulse pressure, and subclinical atherosclerosis (assessed by carotid intima–media thickness) [1], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19 ], [20] and [21]. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms include atrial and ventricular structural changes, increased atrial stretch, autonomic imbalance, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and others [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and [21]. It is therefore tempting to speculate that these conditions, when present in individuals without structural heart disease and hypertension, might contribute to the development of apparently lone AF. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that a cause–effect relationship has not been clearly established while some inconsistent results have been reported [1]. It is also worth noting that some patients may represent occult cases of arterial hypertension that becomes apparent after the initial diagnosis of the arrhythmia [22].
2.2. Triggering factors
Lone AF appears to be more prevalent among males of relative young age [22] and [23]. The majority of patients are initially presented with paroxysmal A F most commonly triggered by sleep, exercise, alcohol use, and eating [23]. Moreover, there seems to be a predilection for tall, lean, and physically fit individuals [24]. It has also been suggested that in this young, apparently healthy, population the relative significance of triggers may be greater than the atrial substrate [24]. It is known that the progression from paroxysmal to persistent and permanent AF implies the development of atrial remodeling, namely electrophysiological and structural changes that promote AF. Consequently, the reported low risk of progression of lone AF to the permanent form [7] reinforces the view for the pivotal role of triggering factors. The pathogenic role of autonomic nervous system in AF is well-documented [25]. Fluctuations of the autonomic tone could be operative in several forms of lone AF such as exercise-induced (sympathetic), and sleeping-induced (parasympathetic) [23] and [24]. However, in most patients there is an interplay betwe en sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations. Vagal stimulation results in shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and hyperpolarization of atrial fibers, leading to increased conduction velocity [26]. These changes occur in some but not all of the atrial tissue, and this is the way re-entry is facilitated [26]. Vagal AF is considered idiopathic in most cases and occurs more frequently in men during periods of increased vagal tone, such as at night or early in the morning [26]. Furthermore, most of the available data support the association between sport practice and lone AF implicating the increased vagal tone as the principal underlying mechanism [27] and [28] R. Elosua, A. Arquer and L. Mont et al., Lone atrial fibrillation and sport practice. The no gain without pain history revisited again?, Int J Cardiol 118 (2007), pp. 414–415. Article | PDF (85 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0)[28]. It has also been proposed that the relative h ypoglycemia as well as the associated hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia observed during the nighttimes may increase the susceptibility to the vagally-mediated lone AF [24].
It is also of clinical importance to recognize drugs or other agents that trigger AF [29]. Several classes of drugs may induce AF in patients without apparent heart disease, although the relative evidence is largely based on individual case reports [29]. These include cardiac stimulants, antiarrhythmics, cholinergics, sympathomimetic inhalants, xanthines, cytostatics, central nervous system drugs, and others. Most of these agents possibly affect the autonomic tone promoting AF triggering, even in 'healthy' patients without any cardiopulmonary disease [29].
2.3. Atrial substrate
Despite the aforementioned considerations with respect to the role of triggers, several recent studies aimed to investigate the underlying substrate and genetic background in patients with lone AF. Firstly, a maj or concern has been arisen with regard to the proper diagnosis of lone AF given that the application of contemporary echocardiographic techniques often reveals some relevant abnormalities. For instance, modern indexes of diastolic function are not routinely employed during the evaluation of lone AF patients. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction relates to left atrial dilatation and stretch as well as to the development of AF [30]. Li and Wang demonstrated increased serum B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in paroxysmal lone AF patients compared to age- and sex-matched control subjects without differences in left atrial (LA) diameter and LV ejection fraction [31]. However, LV diastolic function parameters and LA volume had not been assessed [31]. On the contrary, Lee et al. showed independent correlations between BNP levels and LA volume index, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and E/E′ (an index of LV end-diastolic pressure) in lone AF patients indicating ear ly LV dysfunction and LA enlargement [32]. It has also been shown that LA volume is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone AF [33]. In addition, a recent echocardiographic case–control study demonstrated that in patients with lone paroxysmal AF, LA area and volume were larger than in healthy volunteers, despite there being similar LV dimensions, ejection fraction, and diastolic function and regardless of the recurrence of the arrhythmia [34]. Thus, 2-dimensional echocardiography in the anteroposterior dimension underestimates the true LA size in patients with lone paroxysmal AF [35]. Even in the presence of normal LV systolic and diastolic functions, LA diameter, and LA systolic activity, the LA diastolic performance may be compromised in patients with lone AF as evidenced by abnormalities of the systolic phase of pulmonary vein (PV) flow [36]. Collectively, it appears that LV diastolic and LA abnormalities are prevalent in appa rently lone AF but it is still unclear whether they represent a cause and/or consequence of the arrhythmia. Remarkably, Reant et al. demonstrated reverse morphological remodeling of the LA and improvement of LV diastolic and systolic functions after restoration of sinus rhythm by ablation for isolated ('lone') AF [37].
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
The anatomical site of arrhythmia initiation was recently investigated by mapping techniques in a group of adolescents with symptomatic, drug-refractory lone AF [38]. These patients were found to have firing irregular foci in the PVs, LA, or crista terminalis whereas in 88.9% of them successful catheter ablation was performed [38]. However, most of them demonstrated repetitive nonsustained atrial firing, with rapid irregular cycle lengths that did not precipitate AF during mapping [38]. With regard to adult patients, Todd et al. have indicated that total electrical isolation of the PV region, by surgical me ans, is highly effective in the management of drug-refractory lone AF [39]. The authors did not perform pre-surgical electrophysiologic studies, but spontaneous sustained AF from the isolated PV region was recorded postoperatively in 4/14 patients [39].
Focal discharges from the pulmonary veins and posterior LA are important in the initiation of AF in patients with structurally normal hearts [40] and [41]. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that sustained AF is the result of a combination of PV vein focal discharge and PV-LA re-entrant activity [42].
2.5. Genetic factors
A growing body of evidence suggests that familial AF is more frequent than previously considered while genetic influences are increasingly recognized as pathogenetic factors [43]. In the Framingham Heart Study, it was demonstrated that the presence of AF in at least 1 parent increases the risk of offspring AF by a factor of 1.85 [44]. Moreover, an analysis of AF cases from an arrhyt hmia clinic indicated that 5% of all AF patients and 15% of lone AF patients had a family history of the arrhythmia [45]. The identification of genetic susceptibility may be of special clinical importance, especially in lone AF patients, providing an etiologic background as well as the basis for therapeutic manipulations and prevention strategies. It has been reported that a substantial proportion (38–39%) of lone AF patients have evidence of familial disease [23] and [46]. It has also been demonstrated that the family members of probands with lone AF have a significantly increased risk of AF compared to that of the general population [46]. Bearing in mind that most episodes of lone AF are short and self-terminated (paroxysmal) or even asymptomatic, it could be concluded that the extent of AF familial aggregation may be underestimated [46].
Familial lone AF appears to be genetically heterogeneous. Genetic linkage analysis and candidate gene association studies have implicated several chromosomal loci and genes [43] and [47]. Recent studies have identified mutations in a series of ion channels; however, these channels appear to be relatively rare causes of AF [48]. Particularly, genes encoding repolarizing potassium channels (KCNQ1, KCNE, KCNJ2, KCNA5, KCNH2), connexins, and components of the renin–angiotensin system have been involved [43], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51] and [52]. Given the demonstrated low prevalence of mutations in the aforementioned potassium channels it can be hypothesized that additional disease genes for familial AF remain to be discovered [48]. For example, genes that encode other types of ion channels or atrial structural proteins can be considered as potential candidates [48].
It has been suggested that a specific polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene is a risk factor for chronic 'lone' AF, while C allele of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphism represents a protective factor [47 ]. In addition, a recent case–control study demonstrated that a common polymorphism of the cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) is present in one-third of lone AF patients representing a significant risk factor for the arrhythmia [53]. The association between Brugada syndrome and AF [54] supports the pathogenetic role of SCN5A. It has been reported that the prevalence of AF in these patients is in the order of 20% [55]. In a very recent study, the prevalence of saddleback ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads (types 2,3 of Brugada pattern) was significantly higher in lone AF compared to the control group (10% vs 0.4%, respectively) [56]. Since SCN5A mutations had been excluded, polymorphism or mutation(s) in genes controlling other ion channels could be present [56]. However, the possibility that electrical remodeling may cause the electrocardiographic saddleback pattern cannot be excluded [56]. Of note, it was recently demonstrated that AF patients without structur al heart disease have significantly shorter QT intervals than their age- and gender-matched healthy counterparts [57]. This finding might be explained by alterations in the slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKs) [57].
2.6. Structural changes
Besides the electrophysiological changes that may contribute to the development and perpetuation of AF, there is also increasing interest with respect to the microscopic structural abnormalities. The gap-junction proteins have currently attracted much interest. Remarkably, Gollob et al. demonstrated 4 novel mutations of the atrial-specific connexin 40 protein in 4 of the 15 patients with idiopathic AF [50]. Also, the aforementioned studies showing implication of renin–angiotensin related genes in lone AF [51] and [52] reinforce the role of this system in atrial remodeling [58]. Further support to this view was provided by recent findings of reduced apelin levels in lone AF, given that this endo genous peptide hormone has a physiological role in the counter-regulation of the angiotensin and vasopressin systems [59]. Currently, there is an intense research interest on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of AF [59] and [60]. Inflammatory indexes, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP) have been related to future AF development, AF recurrences after cardioversion, and to the persistence of the arrhythmia [60] and [61]. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of lone AF remains equivocal and limited. Only the study by Frustaci et al. demonstrated abnormal atrial histology in most of the patients with paroxysmal lone AF refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy (inflammatory infiltrates in 66% of patients) [62]. Conversely, other investigators failed to show inflammatory changes in LA histological specimens from lone AF patients [39]. Furthermore, Ellinor et al. failed to demonstrate increased CRP levels in patients with lone AF compared to controls whi le the opposite was observed in patients with AF and hypertension [63]. It has therefore been postulated that markers of inflammation are associated with the presence of other concomitant diseases [63]. Another case–control study showed elevated CRP levels in lone AF patients; however, subjects with hypertension had not been excluded [64]. In a recent observational study, CRP and interleukin-6 tended to be higher in lone AF patients compared to controls, although this difference did not reach statistical significance [65]. On the other hand, the protective role of polymorphism in IL-10 gene against lone AF could imply an anti-inflammatory mechanism since IL-10 is a major anti-inflammatory cytokine [47].
Another possibility of unexplained 'lone' AF is myocarditis and/or pericarditis. These affections may go unrecognized and when we see for the first time the patient it may be virtually impossible to diagnose the disease responsible for the arrhythmia but struct ural changes caused by the inflammatory infection may ensue. Moreover, the autoimmune reactions that follow a myocarditis may cause long-term atrial inflammatory abnormalities. Maixent et al., in a case–control study, demonstrated the presence of circulating autoantibodies against myosin heavy chain in a significant proportion of patients with lone paroxysmal AF raising the possibility of an autoimmune inflammatory process [66].
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone AF (Fig. 1). Undoubtedly, several issues regarding this form of AF remain elusive and controversial. However, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links will possibly shed more light on its etiology in the near future. The clinicians should be aware of these potential associations and manage effectively all the associated conditions. Finally, the detection of these causes and links using clin ical and laboratory diagnostic methods could potentially lead to the development of specific and individualized therapeutic approaches aiming at the reduction of AF burden.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 9, 2008
Tour du Lac Leman and Americas Cup home Societe Nautique De Geneve
link to my personal video of the Tour of Lake Geneva
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 21, 2008
News on the US Indoor Rowing Front
My services are now featured on Concept2's website:
Follow the LINK.
Xeno
Follow the LINK.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 15, 2008
Nice little Video from Abercrombie about sculling
cool footage
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 7, 2008
MPEG-4 Versions of Xeno Muller's Indoor Rowing Workouts.
I found a great website that allows me to upload my workouts as MPEG-4 so you can download them onto your IPOD or other MPEG viewing device. Best of all is to use elastic bands and strap the IPOD to the performance monitor of your rowing machine and use your bluetooth headset and you can do a workout with me and see the time fly by.
15 minute workout for all levels of rowing ability. Your coach Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist will make the time go fly.
This is part one of an indoor rowing workout with Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist. The workout is a PYRAMID rate change which lasts 22 minutes. Great for everyone who owns a rowing machine and needs a training partner who has gone to the Olympics and has won the gold medal.
Part 2 of the great Pyramid workout.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 3, 2008
When your weight loss depends on your rowing... and where to use it...
Hello everyone.
Since 08082008, I started training seriously again.
The goal is to drop down to 220 pounds which I have not been since 2001 and increase my stamina to Olympic levels.
For this I have now surgically attached my rowing rowing machine to my rear end. Every waking moment at home I am now sitting on the rowing machine. Yes, I am exaggerating.
I found out a couple of tricks to keep my motivation high.
1. Music in my ears.
2. Stay within the 2mmol target heart rate.
3. Move the rowing machine around the back yard to avoid scenery burn out. And guess what, I might actually take the rowing machine somewhere else, maybe with a view of the Newport Harbor.
4. I need to get a better mic to film workouts elsewhere in the world with different scenery so that YOU, in case you own workouts of mine, don't get scenery burn out.
There is a whole bunch more I would be writing but there is a show on TV that the kids are watching.
Xeno
Since 08082008, I started training seriously again.
The goal is to drop down to 220 pounds which I have not been since 2001 and increase my stamina to Olympic levels.
For this I have now surgically attached my rowing rowing machine to my rear end. Every waking moment at home I am now sitting on the rowing machine. Yes, I am exaggerating.
I found out a couple of tricks to keep my motivation high.
1. Music in my ears.
2. Stay within the 2mmol target heart rate.
3. Move the rowing machine around the back yard to avoid scenery burn out. And guess what, I might actually take the rowing machine somewhere else, maybe with a view of the Newport Harbor.
4. I need to get a better mic to film workouts elsewhere in the world with different scenery so that YOU, in case you own workouts of mine, don't get scenery burn out.
There is a whole bunch more I would be writing but there is a show on TV that the kids are watching.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 1, 2008
LABOR DAY ERG 90 MINUTES
Labor Day Ergo 90 Minutes
Today is the last day of summer vacation for our children. We took off to the beach with Georgia, Xeno, and Christopher. The loved playing in the surf, while Erin and I enjoyed watching them. Reid stayed home with his Mimi.
As we were relaxing, I shared with Erin a thought that came to me the evening before. My plan to return to the Olympics goes through training at home on the rowing machine. Erging is by far more time efficient than rowing on the water. In my case that is extremely important, because I have no time to waste. I share my time with my family, the business, and the Olympic comeback. The primary goal is to increase my aerobic capacity and burn away my excess body weight. I have 25 pounds to lose until I give myself the green light to race on the water. On the picture is my trusted Model E. I train below the aerobic threshold.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 29, 2008
Iron Oarsman for president 2008 a little bit of humor!
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Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 18, 2008
2012 Here I come.
This is just a quick post.
I have decided to train and qualify for the 2012 Olympics. I do not have a plan as to which boat I will try to make.
I will compete for the United States of America.
I will surgically attached the rowing machine to my rear end.
The task at hand is to lose another 35 pounds. I want to race at 210 pounds, which is less then at the Olympic Games in 1996.
It is all about mind over matter. In this case my age of 36 helps me control my diet.
All the best,
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 15, 2008
New Rowing Workout by Xeno Muller, Olympic gold & silver medalist
A new rowing workout is here!!!
This one was filmed in the Newport Beach Harbor. The row is 55 minutes long and takes you on a heart pumping scenic route. You will have a great time rowing with me.
Follow the link to our website here.
All the best,
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 8, 2008
A report on Swiss TV...
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 6, 2008
Personal Narration of the 2000 Olympic Silver Medal Race
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 4, 2008
NCAA ROWING PROGRAM LIST
If you are in high school and have some great rowing scores, you might want to contact rowing coaches on this list.
XENO
XENO
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 27, 2008
Personal narration of the Olympic gold medal race of 1996
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 20, 2008
Olympic gold and silver medalist Xeno Muller in a loaded double scull with almost all his children
Today was a great event. Almost the entire family is sitting in the boat. Erin, my wife was on the shore taking the picture while read was hanging out in the stroller.
Xeno
more photos here
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 19, 2008
Nice rowing style
Peter Graves shortly after the catch, nice style.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 17, 2008
New Rowing Shirts by ERIN!!!! available on our store at:
CLICK HERE TO GET TO OUR STORE!!!
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 16, 2008
Rowing to a better heart, NY Times article
rowing to a better heart NY Times article
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 13, 2008
Xeno and Paul tying in before their final race
Paul and I raced at the Southwest Regional Regatta in Long Beach, a US Rowing sanctioned competition. Paul and I have rowed four times together, and I prompted him to race with me, in the MASTER D event, average age 50+. We had an awesome final race. At three quarters to the finish line we were even in the lead!!! We were not quite able to hold on to first place... W e w i l l b e BACK!!!
Paul, you did a great job!!!
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 9, 2008
This is a note from my good friend Paul who I enjoy coaching. He and I are going to row the Master D double scull at south west regionals
this Sunday July 13th, 2008 in Long Beach. Paul is a great surgeon for pets and wild animals.
Hi Xeno,
As i go to bed to rest for the the next days single rowiing I often reflect on the great experience I have enjoyed watching you row as well as listening to your coaching words on technique and your words of encouragement. I thought I would share some of the individual words you use in coaching that have stuck .
There are many words however these are ones that seem to have been become indelible for me. First,the ALBATROSS; I remember you saying on one of my coaching sessions in the single you said to row long like you were an albatross. My new Vespoli is named Albatross and my reach is becoming long like the Albatross's wing span. Secondly you will frequently say during an erg class or on the water to \SIT TALL AND DON'T SLOUCH! ....fantastic advice that I followed and it has improved my posture , my stroke cycle and how i walk and stand...taller its great. Thirdly, look ELEGANT when you row and row SMOOOOOTHLY; these words have helped relax and organize my stroke sequence. SQUARE UP EARLY and DON' T SPEND TO MUCH TIME AT THE CATCH...oh my goodness has this helped me to smooth out my stroke . These are just a few verbal assists that use routinely but have a hugh impact on who ever hears them. Thank you.
All my best to the family
Paul
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 6, 2008
Duncan Free a rower who can reach gold in China, I found this in couriermail.com.au
I found this article interesting, because I struggled with staying in competition and longing for a more physically calm life in which I was able to spend more energy with my family.
article link
Selina Steele
July 06, 2008 12:00am
VETERAN rower Duncan Free, dipping his oar in for his fourth Olympics, should know better.
It's a glorious Thursday morning on the Gold Coast, a light southwesterly wind caresses the waters outside the Australian Institute of Sport national canoe and kayak centre at Miami.
Most of us haven't yet started our working day, but Free has already completed a two-hour session on the water and, just for good measure, a 60km bike ride.
Back at home, wife Belinda is juggling the demands of their children Danica, 5, Zara, 3, and Luca, 2.
Free has spent tens of thousands of dollars financing his career and his 35-year-old body has battled tendinitis, a bulged disc in his back and arthroscopic surgery on his knee. But it is time away from family that wears on him the most.
"The biggest sacrifice is family time.
"I love training hard and I love putting hours in on the water, but you spend a lot of time away from home and even when you're at home, you're still training three times a day," Free said.
"You're up before they're up and by the time you come home, they've gone to bed. It's a choice to follow your Olympic dream but it's also a sacrifice."
Free won his first and only Olympic medal in 1996: a bronze in the quad scull. In Beijing, he will partner Drew Ginn in the coxless pairs. They have won the past two world titles.
Ginn has two children of his own, but because he lives in Melbourne and Free on the Gold Coast, school holidays have become a complicated affair.
"When it's school holidays in Victoria, Drew moves his family up here so we can train together, and when it's holidays up here I take the family down to Melbourne to train," Free said.
"It's a handful with all the kids, but a good handful.
"Eventually, I want to live a normal life and be able to hang out with my kids and come home from work and have a beer, but I love racing.
"There will be a time when I won't enjoy it any more, but I'm yet to row the perfect race.
"And in Beijing, if we make the final, I know it will be six minutes of hell, but it may also be the perfect race."
For our Olympians, their Beijing dream is about addiction. It is about living their sport to almost the complete exclusion of everything else.
It is also about the 10,000-hour rule.
To excel at something on an expert level, one needs a decade of committed practice. That's 10,000 hours.
Sam Simpson, Australia's only male gymnast representative at the Games, has been learning his craft for 21 years and admits the still rings could make or break his Olympic dream – that or the state's surging petrol prices.
The 24-year-old, who almost quit the sport two years ago, works two part-time jobs and still lives at home to help finance his standing as one of Australia's best gymnasts.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 3, 2008
Jun 27, 2008
Kettlebell Training? Y E S ! ! !
Hello rowers and fitness people of all walks of life.
Thanks to my friend Arthur, I can now enjoy my first kettlebell.
I am truly impressed with the simplicity of the "equipment". The kettlebell feels great to hold and allows fluid movement which strengthens the core.
I am excited about incorporating the kettlebell into my weight circuit. There is no doubt that this Russian weight enables people to bypass large weight rooms and awkward weight machines.
I plan to film a new workout DVD which will be a strength circuit specific for rowing and X-training needs.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
My friend Arthur sent me a kettle bell. It sits on my shoulder. My two son's are playing tennis, while I figure out the canon ball with a handle!
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Indoor Rowing with Xeno in California
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Costa Mesa outside Indoor Rowing
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Action at Iron Oarsman with Stepanchuks
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jun 26, 2008
Sculling is better for the body than sweep rowing.
Sculling is an ergonomically symmetric sport. Sweep rowing is not. At the US university level, all eight oared shells are sweep boats. As a result many injuries happen because of the asymmetric nature of sweep rowing.
The french lead the way in using sculling eights for young rowers. Here are a bunch of pictures to prove it.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
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Dec 28, 2008
BBC Health Check on Rowing and why it is good for you:
Follow the link HERE
The photo is of me and Reid doing kitchen chores and finding information the internet about the benefits of rowing
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 25, 2008
Xmas row and thoughts
We had a very nice Xmas. My children got what they wished for and my wife and I are thankful for having a happy and healthy family. I have to confess that I did a few detours in my diet in the last few days. Quite often chocolate and other rich foods were offered to me and I did not have the discipline to politely decline... On top of this, my wife and I were busy organizing for the holidays and I did not get to put in my usual miles on my WaterRower. After opening the presents I took the opportunity to roll out my WaterRower to the living room. Reid just finished eating and was happy jumping in his bouncer. Erin, Reid, and I were watching a great show of aerial views of coastlines around the world in high definition. My WaterRower was set one foot away from the TV screen and I felt I was on a hang-glider rowing :-) The setting was perfect for a paddle. As I started rowing I felt a little stiff from sitting around and having interrupted sleep since the birth of Reid in July. In honor of Erin, I should just put up and shut up, because her sleep started being bad six months into “our” pregnancy.
25 minutes into my row I started loosening up and felt the air in my stomach magically disappear. This is when the breathing technique of exhaling into the catch made me think again about most people who row past their most competitive years. If you have a little extra cargo above your hip joint, you will find it far more pleasant to breathe and relax during your row the way I described above. As for the highly trim group, don’t think that my breathing is dictated only by my massiveness. In the contrary, when I was ultra fit, I exhaled rolling into the last half of the recovery and found the best possible effortless hang of the leg drive.
My other thought during my hour long row, which ended in a right-arm-only-pull for the last five minutes while my son Reid was riding in my right arm, was that I am addicted to exercise, but I am not a glutton for punishment. My motto in live is to workout long and steady, like a diesel engine pulling freight through the Mohave Desert. Even when I was training for the Olympics, most of my workouts were long and steady, which I loved. I did not care much about “ramming” into intolerable pain in order to win races.
My advice to the majority of rowers is to go long and steady for 90% of the time, after all you only have one body. Of course, it is OK to row super hard here and there... but you won’t catch me in a rat race for personal bests now that I consider myself a DIESEL ENGINE that is going for the long haul: “ROWING ROWING ROWING...ROWING ROWING ROWING...ROWHIDE!!!”
Over and out.
Xeno.
www.ironoarsman.com
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 24, 2008
Wonderful and heart breaking at the same time. Alzheimer's
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 23, 2008
Stressed? Find time to row, difficult? Here is how I look at it:
Hello Everyone & happy holidays,
This morning I watched our baby Reid. He is so cute, our family loves him to pieces. I happened to be awake first and was planning to row my WaterRower in front of Good Morning America, when my wife opened the bedroom door and asked if I could come get Reid, since he woke up. No problem, I responded. I carried him in his electrical swing to the living room right next to the WaterRower. He gave me a whole half hour of happiness. I did not push the envelope and row until he would get bored. I stopped at a point at which I felt would be good for Reid and me to have a change of scenery. I changed him and dressed him with fresh clothes. He was totally happy. We walked back to the living room and I set him in his bouncer. I looked up on our DVR one of the stored baby shows and turned on Classical Baby and proceeded to row another 10 minutes. Had he stayed asleep I would have rowed 90 minutes at a leisurely pace. As I was rowing I started thinking of all the people who may not have rowing ingrained in their brain. People, to whom it must not be so easy to chose to exercise when things are not all perfectly in order with their schedules and lives. We hear in the news of all the financial and holiday stresses that exist and need to be coped with. How can anyone find time to move their body for their health and mental break. Here is how I see it. When you make the decision to exercise, start out easy. Be gentle to yourself and pick a low level of intensity. Let your body temperature rise slowly, no need to shock the system, at this point of the year, it already is with all that is going on in our world. Consider the exercise as therapy and not a ball busting workout from hell. With this attitude you will be more likely to repeat your exercise routine for a lifetime.
Fighting stress is done by finding peace and that is why I LOVE THE WATERROWER. I like to row the WaterRower leisurely. The resistance is evenly spread out through the stroke and the swishing sound of the water, totally therapeutic. While I was rowing, no one was woken up. The belt mechanism is sound free and the wheels of the seat whisper quiet, only the sound of water, just like rowing in a single scull. Believe me, I have found rowing nirvana with WaterRower. I break a sweat and feel rejuvenated. If you are on the fence about acquiring a fitness machine, give the WaterRower a good luck and a test row. Take my word for it, I am an addicted rower, and I need to break a sweat without losing love for working out. Me too, I need to find peace and quiet in my life! Cheers everyone!
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 18, 2008
I can make you faster with skype
Hello Rowers!!!
Today, I SKYPE coached as far north as YELLOWKNIFE, Canada. It was great. Can’t believe that there is no snow only between June and September. Currently the temperature is -40 degrees. As I was told -40 in fahrenheit is the SAME as -40 in degrees Celsius!
The other day, I coached in Sydney on the tenths floor of a building overlooking Circle Quay. I also help coach a group of juniors in Minnesota.
SKYPE proves to be an incredible tool, which enables me to be different places in the world without traveling. I am very effective with the webcam, it is an awesome feeling to be able to help someone improve their rowing technique within minutes.
My rate is $40 for 20 minutes of coaching.
All the best and happy holidays!!!
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Dec 7, 2008
After college & the Olympics
Hello Rowers,
This post is about my passion for rowing indoors after college and the Olympics.
As I mentioned in an earlier post, I am 36 years old, and at the "beginning" of my life long rowing career. As I look back in time, rowing at the Olympics, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to life long miles rowed. To people I meet, I tell them that I am rowing because I want to chase down my great grand children and regular rows will make this dream happen. In the same breath, I add that rowing is a sport that can be practiced until up to 300 years of age. Once I am of grandfather age, I see myself commuting in a class A RV with my wife to visit our grandchildren, for this I need to stay fit and row everyday.
"We" the rowers know of the zero impact/full body workout rowing is. In my opinion, it is the only cardiovascular sport to be practiced efficiently until advanced age. It is true, that cross country skiing and swimming are also zero "impact/full body workouts", BUT... Let's face it, for cross country skiing requires snow, ability to ski on slippery stuff, and enjoy cold temperatures. As for swimming, you need a pool, and efficient swimming technique in order to have a workout at all. In addition to the swimming option, you will get a soaked hairdo.
"The others" (pretty much the rest of the world) don't know anything about rowing, let alone, the high quality indoor rowing exercise option. As I see it, my job is to inform and educate the rest of the world to whom rowing is a foreign concept. While I write these lines, I am reminded of how many actual collegiate rowers passionately HATE rowing indoors... to them I say that sitting on a rowing machine is not that bad at all, if you have the right state of mind. From experience, I know, that if you learned to row at a boathouse with a coach, you were likely abused and mistreated :-) while being judged on your rowing ability on the ergometer. Therefore you are entitled to hate rowing indoors but keep your mind open to be rehabilitated to enjoy the sport off the water. Too often, unfortunately, the rowing machine is mainly used to compare raw endurance, which is wrongly equated to on the water boat moving ability. This last statement makes me want to scream.
So next time you climb onto the ergometer, whether it is the WaterRower or the Concept2, be mellow and find your groove. Love the ability to stretch out and smoothly move your body back and forth. Rowing is simultaneously a physical as well as a mental BREAK/workout.
Finally, my last advice is to be gentle to your body, you only have one, so don't freak out if an old friend from college is 50 seconds faster for 2K than you are. Use it as motivation to gradually get fit, OK?
Yours truely,
Xeno
www.ironoarsman.com
www.cafepress.com/gorow
This post is about my passion for rowing indoors after college and the Olympics.
As I mentioned in an earlier post, I am 36 years old, and at the "beginning" of my life long rowing career. As I look back in time, rowing at the Olympics, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to life long miles rowed. To people I meet, I tell them that I am rowing because I want to chase down my great grand children and regular rows will make this dream happen. In the same breath, I add that rowing is a sport that can be practiced until up to 300 years of age. Once I am of grandfather age, I see myself commuting in a class A RV with my wife to visit our grandchildren, for this I need to stay fit and row everyday.
"We" the rowers know of the zero impact/full body workout rowing is. In my opinion, it is the only cardiovascular sport to be practiced efficiently until advanced age. It is true, that cross country skiing and swimming are also zero "impact/full body workouts", BUT... Let's face it, for cross country skiing requires snow, ability to ski on slippery stuff, and enjoy cold temperatures. As for swimming, you need a pool, and efficient swimming technique in order to have a workout at all. In addition to the swimming option, you will get a soaked hairdo.
"The others" (pretty much the rest of the world) don't know anything about rowing, let alone, the high quality indoor rowing exercise option. As I see it, my job is to inform and educate the rest of the world to whom rowing is a foreign concept. While I write these lines, I am reminded of how many actual collegiate rowers passionately HATE rowing indoors... to them I say that sitting on a rowing machine is not that bad at all, if you have the right state of mind. From experience, I know, that if you learned to row at a boathouse with a coach, you were likely abused and mistreated :-) while being judged on your rowing ability on the ergometer. Therefore you are entitled to hate rowing indoors but keep your mind open to be rehabilitated to enjoy the sport off the water. Too often, unfortunately, the rowing machine is mainly used to compare raw endurance, which is wrongly equated to on the water boat moving ability. This last statement makes me want to scream.
So next time you climb onto the ergometer, whether it is the WaterRower or the Concept2, be mellow and find your groove. Love the ability to stretch out and smoothly move your body back and forth. Rowing is simultaneously a physical as well as a mental BREAK/workout.
Finally, my last advice is to be gentle to your body, you only have one, so don't freak out if an old friend from college is 50 seconds faster for 2K than you are. Use it as motivation to gradually get fit, OK?
Yours truely,
Xeno
www.ironoarsman.com
www.cafepress.com/gorow
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 21, 2008
Better Resolution Olympic Gold Medal Race
Better resolution video on youtube for the Olympic gold medal race.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 20, 2008
The Benefits of Indoor Rowing
The Benefits of Indoor Rowing
Exercise is good, in any form. But there are some forms that score head and tail over the others, and rowing, or more specifically indoor rowing, is one of them. If there ever was a complete body workout in one exercise, it’s rowing. It looks as if it’s just the arms that are getting a workout, but no, that’s not true at all. A surprising fact about rowing that not many people are aware of is that, contrary to popular belief, this exercise works your legs more than your hands – an indoor rower offers your legs three times more work than your arms. Rowing is a great workout for people of all ages, and here’s why:
It’s not weight-bearing: Rowing, unlike jogging or walking, does not put additional strain on your lower limbs, but still exercises your legs like running does. This prevents wear and tear on your knees, lower limbs and other joints, a side effect that appears when you jog regularly over a long period of time.
It exercises your whole body: Rowing offers you the double benefits of a cardiovascular workout and strength training all rolled into one. It exercises all the major muscle groups in your body. You get a complete workout with just one machine.
It’s safe for people of all ages: Rowing can be done as gently or as vigorously as you choose, which is why it’s a great exercise even for people who’re not in the prime of their life. Older people, especially those who have knee trouble, find it more convenient and less stressful than walking.
It’s great for rehab: People who have undergone a major knee surgery find rowing a safe and low-impact, yet energetic workout during rehab when they must exercise without stressing their knees. Rowing also helps smokers who have quit the habit to exercise their lungs and thus undo the damages caused by years of smoking.
It helps you lose weight: Because it’s a complete exercise, it helps you lose those unwanted pounds and also tones your body.
It’s an all-weather activity: You don’t have to worry about rain or shine; all you need is an indoor rowing machine and you’re good to go. Work out at any time of the day according to your convenience.
By-line:
This article is contributed by Sarah Scrafford, who regularly writes on the topic of Online EKG Programs. She invites your questions, comments and freelancing job inquiries at her email address: sarah.scrafford25@gmail.com.
Exercise is good, in any form. But there are some forms that score head and tail over the others, and rowing, or more specifically indoor rowing, is one of them. If there ever was a complete body workout in one exercise, it’s rowing. It looks as if it’s just the arms that are getting a workout, but no, that’s not true at all. A surprising fact about rowing that not many people are aware of is that, contrary to popular belief, this exercise works your legs more than your hands – an indoor rower offers your legs three times more work than your arms. Rowing is a great workout for people of all ages, and here’s why:
It’s not weight-bearing: Rowing, unlike jogging or walking, does not put additional strain on your lower limbs, but still exercises your legs like running does. This prevents wear and tear on your knees, lower limbs and other joints, a side effect that appears when you jog regularly over a long period of time.
It exercises your whole body: Rowing offers you the double benefits of a cardiovascular workout and strength training all rolled into one. It exercises all the major muscle groups in your body. You get a complete workout with just one machine.
It’s safe for people of all ages: Rowing can be done as gently or as vigorously as you choose, which is why it’s a great exercise even for people who’re not in the prime of their life. Older people, especially those who have knee trouble, find it more convenient and less stressful than walking.
It’s great for rehab: People who have undergone a major knee surgery find rowing a safe and low-impact, yet energetic workout during rehab when they must exercise without stressing their knees. Rowing also helps smokers who have quit the habit to exercise their lungs and thus undo the damages caused by years of smoking.
It helps you lose weight: Because it’s a complete exercise, it helps you lose those unwanted pounds and also tones your body.
It’s an all-weather activity: You don’t have to worry about rain or shine; all you need is an indoor rowing machine and you’re good to go. Work out at any time of the day according to your convenience.
By-line:
This article is contributed by Sarah Scrafford, who regularly writes on the topic of Online EKG Programs. She invites your questions, comments and freelancing job inquiries at her email address: sarah.scrafford25@gmail.com.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 19, 2008
WaterRower rowing machine, here is another reason I enjoy rowing it.
I am drawn to use the waterrower, because it feels gentler on the body and the ears in comparison to other rowing machines. You can have a hard workout, but if you wish a lighter paddle at lower rates the strokes feel more connected through the finish then wind resistance machines.
Learn more here...
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 16, 2008
Rowing for wellness and the reasons for this blog.
Hello readers,
My name is Xeno Muller. I am 36 years old, married and father of four children. I live in Southern California, Costa Mesa to be exact. I run an indoor rowing studio, called the Iron Oarsman, sell indoor rowing workout DVDs and I coach on the water.
My rowing background goes all the way back to when I was 13 years old. My first strokes were taken on the Seine river in France. Six years later, I rowed for Brown and competed at three Olympics. In 1992, I almost made the finals in the men's single scull, but missed qualifying by half a boat length. In 1996, I made it and won gold in the single scull. In 2000, I returned from Australia with silver.
There is plenty more to write about myself, but the point of this blog is to further help people achieve there personal goals. After five years running the Iron Oarsman, I gained a lot more perspective about rowing and its beneftis, which goes way beyond the competitive aspect of the sport.
99% of our members at the Iron Oarsman, have never rowed on the water. I learned of their personal reasons and motivations, as to why they started working out with us. In this blog, I will write about training for competition, but also on rowing's health/therapeutic & wellness benefits.
In my opinion rowing is still completely unknown to the rest of the world. Yet so many would love to row to feel better and improve their quality of life without ever planning to compete in their life time.
I am looking forward to doing research and blogging here on Row2K.
So for now I wish you a great fall/spring depending hemisphere.
All the best, Xeno www.ironoarsman.com
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 14, 2008
Come row a WaterRower at our Indoor Rowing Studio afterwards you can walk along the Pacific Ocean.
Hello Rowers,You might want to come visit the Iron Oarsman and row a WaterRower.
I took these pictures last night with my IPHONE. It so happens that the lighting was just perfect for the lower photo resolution of the IPHONE.
See you soon here in Southern California.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 11, 2008
The latest with my WaterRower rowing machine on youtube.
On Youtube
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Breathing technique while rowing.
Hello Rowers,
It came to my attention that breathing technique is not a commonly understood in rowing.
I had two Olympic coaches, Harry Mahon, and Marty Aikten. They were respectively from New Zealand and Australia.
Harry and Marty taught me to row effortlessly.
Here is in words what such rowing technique is: At the catch ready to engage the leg drive, the upper body is at a "forward body angle" with the lower back supported so that the tilt occurs by hinging at the hip joint. The shoulders are set forward relaxed, arms are straight at the elbow, handle held in the finger tips. The head neck and back form an ergonomic line. The shins are vertical, and for most the ball of the foot is connected to the foot board, while the heels are off the board.
The drive is started through the legs, the heels descend onto the foot board as soon as the first quarter of the seat travels on the track. The body angle starts engaging the swing in the last quarter of the leg drive, when the legs are the most powerful and the seat travels the least. Engaging the upper body swing in the last quarter of the leg drive is key to being able to lever the short yet powerful travel of the seat/body.
The finish position has a supported lower back. The upper body is slightly beyond vertical. The forearms are parallel to the ground/water. Wrists are flush with the back of the hand, forearm, and first two row of knuckles. Chest is "out" because throughout the entire stroke cycle the back is ALWAYS supported. The handle travels to the body through the CONTRACTION of the latissimus muscle.
Recovery has the entire body relaxed. Hands travel away from the chest. Arms and upper body REST on the handle of the oars or the handle of the rowing machine. As the arms straighten out at the elbow, the shoulders and then the upper body follow, HINGING at the HIP JOINT. The knees stay straight until the hamstrings feel engaged, the rolling back into the catch occurs because of the contraction of the hamstring, AND NOT THE contraction of the hip flexor.
Key to efficient rowing is to HANG off the leg drive, letting the legs do the work, while the shoulders and arms hang straight.
Therefore breathing is key to the above technique: Absolute relaxation occurs through exhaling. With lose lungs, hanging of the leg drive is natural. As the acceleration progresses and the upper body swings OPEN the lungs fill with air and provide a strong finish position.
At higher intensity the breathing is doubled up.
Some rowers breath in on the recovery and exhale at the finish. This leads to a shorter stroke length and early use of the upper body. A the finish when exhaling the posture "crumbles" on the lower back, and usually knees buckle, instead of staying straight to connect through the foot board.
That is it for now.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 8, 2008
The sound of water, beautiful to listen to and quiet enough for family life.
This afternoon I "went" for a row in my living room. I wheeled my WaterRower next to the TV as my children and wife were watching Dancing with the Stars. The sound of the water swishing around, as I was rowing, created a peaceful white noise. Before, when I used a rowing machine with loud air resistance, I had to find a place different from our home's common area. I didn't like missing out on family time.
I like a daily routine, which encompasses two workouts. In the morning, I run a class at our indoor rowing gym, The Iron Oarsman. Later in the day, at home, I jump on my WaterRower for a tranquil 10 kilometer row. This daily workout rhythm makes me feel great and gives me a peaceful state of mine.
I absolutely love how I can simultaneously be with my family and push stroke after stroke enjoying my workout on the WaterRower.
Here is the information for WaterRower.
Story in a British newspaper.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
SKYPE ready to coach.
Hello Rowers,
I am SKYPE ready anywhere there is cellphone reception. I am the proud owner of a G3 internet adapter for my computer. All you need is a webcam, internet connection, earphones, computer, and the FREE to download SKYPE software for PC and MAC.
My coaching fee is $40 for 15 minutes.
Make your appointment today at xeno@ironoarsman.com
Check out the monthly training program subscription that I have at www.ironoarsman.com and the indoor rowing workout DVDs.
See you soon.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 6, 2008
Vertigo, inner ear problems, while exercising on a stationary rowing machine.
Hello Rowers and Fitness People who enjoy rowing indoors.
Rowing machines are great, but not all are built the same.
Most rowing machines have a track on which the seat rolls back and forth. That track is either built with a slope or horizontal to the ground.
If you are a person who suffers of inner ear problems / vertigo you might want to consider a rowing machine that has a horizontal track. The WaterRower has a LEVEL/horizontal track. This means that the head and body movement glides back and forth following a level surface. The Concept2 rowing machine is built with a few degrees of slope added to the track. Although it is a minor elevation difference, it is significant for people who have inner ear problems / vertigo. The constant change in height and back and forth movement makes handling the motion of rowing more difficult.
In my opinion a level track is better for people who suffer of inner ear problems and balance problems.
Xeno
Rowing machines are great, but not all are built the same.
Most rowing machines have a track on which the seat rolls back and forth. That track is either built with a slope or horizontal to the ground.
If you are a person who suffers of inner ear problems / vertigo you might want to consider a rowing machine that has a horizontal track. The WaterRower has a LEVEL/horizontal track. This means that the head and body movement glides back and forth following a level surface. The Concept2 rowing machine is built with a few degrees of slope added to the track. Although it is a minor elevation difference, it is significant for people who have inner ear problems / vertigo. The constant change in height and back and forth movement makes handling the motion of rowing more difficult.
In my opinion a level track is better for people who suffer of inner ear problems and balance problems.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 4, 2008
Reflection on rowing by a great friend of mine.
Hi Xeno,
Row. row and rowing more will definitely improve your health ie, weight loss, lower blood pressure, help to regulate blood glucose in the normal range, improve upper and lower body strength and flexibility, improve balance,improve circulation by developing new capillary beds and pumping action of the heart and as with most aerobic exercises it stimulates the release brain neurotransmitters that give us a natural feeling of well being ... you feel GREAT! These are all the benefits I have experienced since I started to row 3 years ago. Improvement in my self confidence as I relate to the world is another significant benefit that has occurred as a result of rowing.
Rowing is a very flexible sport accommodating those folks that just want to maintain and improve their health to the competitive elite rowers. Rowing is a complete body workout with minimal force application to the major weight bearing joints of the body . Everyone should try rowing to see if they like it!
Rowing on the water is ultimate goal for me . Rowing a single shell , a double or a quad is an art form as well as a sport that is not matched by any other sport. It is beautiful to watch the rower, the shell ,the oars , the water and the intertwined relationship between them .....it is absolutely thrilling!
Training on an ergometer has helped hundreds of rowers improve their rowing skills. I have trained only on the C2 and it has done a great job of improving my rowing skills. However, rowing the Waterower at NARF gave me the inspiration that this new ergometer would be ideal for home use for myself and my wife who is not a rower yet. I like all of its features and how it feels during the catch and drive. I will discuss the details in the next day or two.
Sincerely,
P.
Row. row and rowing more will definitely improve your health ie, weight loss, lower blood pressure, help to regulate blood glucose in the normal range, improve upper and lower body strength and flexibility, improve balance,improve circulation by developing new capillary beds and pumping action of the heart and as with most aerobic exercises it stimulates the release brain neurotransmitters that give us a natural feeling of well being ... you feel GREAT! These are all the benefits I have experienced since I started to row 3 years ago. Improvement in my self confidence as I relate to the world is another significant benefit that has occurred as a result of rowing.
Rowing is a very flexible sport accommodating those folks that just want to maintain and improve their health to the competitive elite rowers. Rowing is a complete body workout with minimal force application to the major weight bearing joints of the body . Everyone should try rowing to see if they like it!
Rowing on the water is ultimate goal for me . Rowing a single shell , a double or a quad is an art form as well as a sport that is not matched by any other sport. It is beautiful to watch the rower, the shell ,the oars , the water and the intertwined relationship between them .....it is absolutely thrilling!
Training on an ergometer has helped hundreds of rowers improve their rowing skills. I have trained only on the C2 and it has done a great job of improving my rowing skills. However, rowing the Waterower at NARF gave me the inspiration that this new ergometer would be ideal for home use for myself and my wife who is not a rower yet. I like all of its features and how it feels during the catch and drive. I will discuss the details in the next day or two.
Sincerely,
P.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 3, 2008
Understanding Training Intensity In Rowing
Hello,
Most of training is done below 2mmol of lactic acid, which is the aerobic threshold. The fitter one gets, the harder the work at lower lactate levels is possible for longer periods of time.
When we do different stroke rate changes, it is likely that rates above 26 produce lactate levels above 2mmol, and that is OK, if it is not done too often for longer periods of time per week.
The pyramids, which range from 18 to 28 strokes per minute, are a great tool to condition the body and its necessary chemical exchange without spending too much time in higher lactic acid concentrations.
The all out low stroke rate 7 minute pieces are there to maximize torque and push as hard as possible. Lactate concentration will go between 6 and 8 for most fit people by the end of each piece. Currently, uninformed coaches, abuse such workouts by making their rowers repeat such pieces TOO MANY TIMES, the result leads to physiological and mental overtraining.
The goal with my training program is to make training at or below 2mmol more interesting. Gradually, you will notice that at such heart rates you end up being able to push harder and lower your split times without increasing the stroke rate.
Also take into consideration this heart rate formula to determine the aerobic heart rate threshold:
[Max heart rate - Rest heart rate]X.78 + Rest heart rate= Aerobic Threshold Heart Rate.
For example for me that would be
[178-36]X.78+36= 146.
Most of my training would be at 146 plus minus 5 heart beats depending on biorhythm.
Ok?
Xeno
Consider rowing a waterrower at: www.waterrower.com
Most of training is done below 2mmol of lactic acid, which is the aerobic threshold. The fitter one gets, the harder the work at lower lactate levels is possible for longer periods of time.
When we do different stroke rate changes, it is likely that rates above 26 produce lactate levels above 2mmol, and that is OK, if it is not done too often for longer periods of time per week.
The pyramids, which range from 18 to 28 strokes per minute, are a great tool to condition the body and its necessary chemical exchange without spending too much time in higher lactic acid concentrations.
The all out low stroke rate 7 minute pieces are there to maximize torque and push as hard as possible. Lactate concentration will go between 6 and 8 for most fit people by the end of each piece. Currently, uninformed coaches, abuse such workouts by making their rowers repeat such pieces TOO MANY TIMES, the result leads to physiological and mental overtraining.
The goal with my training program is to make training at or below 2mmol more interesting. Gradually, you will notice that at such heart rates you end up being able to push harder and lower your split times without increasing the stroke rate.
Also take into consideration this heart rate formula to determine the aerobic heart rate threshold:
[Max heart rate - Rest heart rate]X.78 + Rest heart rate= Aerobic Threshold Heart Rate.
For example for me that would be
[178-36]X.78+36= 146.
Most of my training would be at 146 plus minus 5 heart beats depending on biorhythm.
Ok?
Xeno
Consider rowing a waterrower at: www.waterrower.com
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Nov 2, 2008
Side By Side Comparison WaterRower And Concept2
Hello Rowers
I love my WaterRower.
Today I had a side by side comparison of the WaterRower and the Concept2 at a regatta here in Newport Beach, called NARF (Newport Autumn Rowing Festival).
Here are a few reasons why I enjoy the WaterRower:
1. The WaterRower is made out of wood and the design is pleasing to the eye.
2. You have a clear view of the scenery, because there is no huge flywheel sitting ahead of the foot board. This makes TV viewing easy and face to face rowing with a partner more comfortable.
3. The seat is form fitting and comfortable, no need for a seat pad or folded towel to keep the rear from getting soar.
4. The handle is softer to the touch and therefore kinder on the finger joints.
5. The belt mechanism is quiet, whereas the concept2 chain noise is loud and metalic. 6. The water sound is quieter and kinder to the ears than the whistle of the C2 flywheel. This makes rowing at home more social with non rowing family members.
7. The connection at the beginning of the rowing stroke (catch) is smoother on the WaterRower than on the C2.
8. The resistance on the WaterRower is more evenly spread out through the stroke, from catch to finish, than on the C2, where you find the resistance of the finish running out, unless you really keep the acceleration going to the point that it does not feel like real rowing anymore.
9. I enjoy the horizontal track on the WaterRower, instead of the slight slope that the Concept2 has, which makes over compressing the knees more likely.
I am very excited about rowing the WaterRower.
To Concept2's defense, stroke rates of 38 and above run more smoothly through the chain mechanism.
All the best,
Xeno
To purchase a WaterRower got to www.waterrower.com make sure you add that you want a Xeno Muller workout DVD.
On Sun, Nov 2, 2008 at 7:37 PM, wrote:
I love my WaterRower.
Today I had a side by side comparison of the WaterRower and the Concept2 at a regatta here in Newport Beach, called NARF (Newport Autumn Rowing Festival).
Here are a few reasons why I enjoy the WaterRower:
1. The WaterRower is made out of wood and the design is pleasing to the eye.
2. You have a clear view of the scenery, because there is no huge flywheel sitting ahead of the foot board. This makes TV viewing easy and face to face rowing with a partner more comfortable.
3. The seat is form fitting and comfortable, no need for a seat pad or folded towel to keep the rear from getting soar.
4. The handle is softer to the touch and therefore kinder on the finger joints.
5. The belt mechanism is quiet, whereas the concept2 chain noise is loud and metalic. 6. The water sound is quieter and kinder to the ears than the whistle of the C2 flywheel. This makes rowing at home more social with non rowing family members.
7. The connection at the beginning of the rowing stroke (catch) is smoother on the WaterRower than on the C2.
8. The resistance on the WaterRower is more evenly spread out through the stroke, from catch to finish, than on the C2, where you find the resistance of the finish running out, unless you really keep the acceleration going to the point that it does not feel like real rowing anymore.
9. I enjoy the horizontal track on the WaterRower, instead of the slight slope that the Concept2 has, which makes over compressing the knees more likely.
I am very excited about rowing the WaterRower.
To Concept2's defense, stroke rates of 38 and above run more smoothly through the chain mechanism.
All the best,
Xeno
To purchase a WaterRower got to www.waterrower.com make sure you add that you want a Xeno Muller workout DVD.
On Sun, Nov 2, 2008 at 7:37 PM,
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 30, 2008
WaterRower great to row and beautiful to look at!!!!
When you first walk up to a WaterRower, you notice its low profile, which makes rowing while TV viewing a dream come true. As you sit down, you are pleasantly surprised by its comfortable seat, no need for a seat pad or folded-towel-contraptions to keep the pain away from your rear end. Then you grab the ergonomically designed handle and your fingers fall in to a lose hanging grip, which keeps your forearms relaxed during your row and keeps blisters at bay. Rowing the WaterRower is as close to rowing on the water as it gets. The natural resistance of water from the beginning of the stroke to the finish, makes the acceleration smooth and at the same time powerful. Gliding back on the horizontal track allows for a gentle leg compression. As you take stroke after stroke, you hear the water accelerating and decelerating, in perfect rhythm with your effort and recovery.
I can honestly say that it feels great to have stepped out of the common rowing box that we have found comfort in. The Iron Oarsman, our indoor rowing studio, will be decked out with WaterRowers. For more information you can visit my website: www.ironoarsman.com and our WaterRower information page. All the best, Xeno the eternal rower.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 26, 2008
Oct 19, 2008
Rowing in the spotlight with Former US Sergeon General C Everett Koop
Neat comment of former US Sergeon General, Dr. C Everett Koop, about rowing and the WaterRower.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 14, 2008
Atrial Fibrillation with Atlhtes
Lone atrial fibrillation
International Journal of Cardiology - oct 2008
Article in Press, Corrected Proof
'Lone' atrial fibrillation:next term Hunting for the underlying causes and links
Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece bDepartment of Cardiology,
Abstract
The presence of lone fibrillation presupposes the absence of structural heart disease, hypertension, or other known predisposing factors. However, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone fibrillation. In addition, modern diagnostic techniques often reveal some previously unappreciated abnormalities. Therefore, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links sets the base for a more complete elucidation of its etiology in the near future. This concise review article discusses the contemporary advances in the understanding of this form of fibrillation.
< br/>1. Introduction
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
2.2. Triggering factors
2.3. Atrial substrate
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
2.5. Genetic factors
2.6. Structural changes
3. Conclusion
References
1. Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a growing epidemic with significant health consequences and often a difficult management [1], [2] and [3]. It has been proposed that the aging of the population along with the increasing prevalence of associated risk factors accounts for the increase in AF incidence and prevalence during the past few decades [1] and [2]. Although most of the cases are attributable to other cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease, a small proportion is considered to be 'lone'; namely without obvious structural heart disease [4]. The diagnosis of lone AF is a diagnosis of exclusion a nd besides the absence of other cardiopulmonary disease presupposes the absence of hypertension, or any other known and easily identifiable cause, in relative young individuals (< 60 years old) [5]. However, the term 'lone AF' has been variously defined [5]. For example a recent international consensus on nomenclature and classification of AF mentions that only AF in the absence of heart disease is termed 'lone' while in the absence of any disease is termed 'idiopathic' [6]. The investigation for structural heart disease includes history, physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and echocardiography.
The natural history of lone AF has not been well-studied. However, accumulating data suggest that it is associated with a low risk of progression to permanent AF, mortality, congestive heart failure, and stroke/transient ischemic attack [4] and [7]. The increased thromboembolic risk as well as the tendency to become sustained over time seems to be rela ted to aging and other comorbidities that presumably create a substrate for arrhythmia maintenance leading to a vicious cycle [4] and [7]. In other words, the atrial remodeling that facilitates AF progression and thrombus formation may be more prominent in the case of other coexistent morbidities. Of note, the development of AF in the context of other cardiovascular disorders significantly increases morbidity and mortality [2] and [3]. In addition, AF adversely affects the quality of life and exercise capacity of affected individuals [8]. Therefore, the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may be of special value in order to manage these unfavourable effects.
As mentioned before, lone AF does not necessarily mean 'idiopathic'. As Lorbar and Spodick pointed out in the case of pericarditis: 'nothing is idiopathic'; suggesting that meticulous investigation and consideration of contemporary pathogenetic mechanisms may reveal or clarify, at least in part, the underlying etiology [9]. Nevertheless, this point of view could also be applied in the case of lone AF. Recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates several novel epidemiologic and pathophysiologic associations of AF [1] and [10]. It could therefore be hypothesized that many of the recorded lone or idiopathic AF cases are linked to other not well-known factors [11]. In this context, there seems to be an emerging challenge for the identification of the underlying causes and links in order to perform a timely intervention for the interruption of the vicious cycle that leads to atrial remodeling.
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
Undoubtedly, AF is a highly heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes, triggers, and substrates that interact with each other [12]. This interplay may be even more complex in the case of apparently lone AF where an overt cardiovascular disorder is lacking.
As outlined before, recent data support the notion that lone AF is a rhythm disturbance with other accompanied abnormalities. It is therefore reasonable to assume that, as medical knowledge advances, truly lone AF will be very rare [7], [11] and [13]. As Frost recently stated: "Perhaps we should stop using terms such as idiopathic or lone because in the end we will find a cause" [11]. This view is also supported by the high reported variation in the prevalence of lone AF (2–11%) indicating that after applying strict criteria this form of AF is much more rare than previously considered [7] and [13].
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
Several novel epidemiological associations of AF have recently emerged. The conditions that have been implicated include obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, increased alcohol consumption, anger and hostility (in men), pulse pressure, and subclinical atherosclerosis (assessed by carotid intima–media thickness) [1], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19 ], [20] and [21]. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms include atrial and ventricular structural changes, increased atrial stretch, autonomic imbalance, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and others [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and [21]. It is therefore tempting to speculate that these conditions, when present in individuals without structural heart disease and hypertension, might contribute to the development of apparently lone AF. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that a cause–effect relationship has not been clearly established while some inconsistent results have been reported [1]. It is also worth noting that some patients may represent occult cases of arterial hypertension that becomes apparent after the initial diagnosis of the arrhythmia [22].
2.2. Triggering factors
Lone AF appears to be more prevalent among males of relative young age [22] and [23]. The majority of patients are initially presented with paroxysmal A F most commonly triggered by sleep, exercise, alcohol use, and eating [23]. Moreover, there seems to be a predilection for tall, lean, and physically fit individuals [24]. It has also been suggested that in this young, apparently healthy, population the relative significance of triggers may be greater than the atrial substrate [24]. It is known that the progression from paroxysmal to persistent and permanent AF implies the development of atrial remodeling, namely electrophysiological and structural changes that promote AF. Consequently, the reported low risk of progression of lone AF to the permanent form [7] reinforces the view for the pivotal role of triggering factors. The pathogenic role of autonomic nervous system in AF is well-documented [25]. Fluctuations of the autonomic tone could be operative in several forms of lone AF such as exercise-induced (sympathetic), and sleeping-induced (parasympathetic) [23] and [24]. However, in most patients there is an interplay betwe en sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations. Vagal stimulation results in shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and hyperpolarization of atrial fibers, leading to increased conduction velocity [26]. These changes occur in some but not all of the atrial tissue, and this is the way re-entry is facilitated [26]. Vagal AF is considered idiopathic in most cases and occurs more frequently in men during periods of increased vagal tone, such as at night or early in the morning [26]. Furthermore, most of the available data support the association between sport practice and lone AF implicating the increased vagal tone as the principal underlying mechanism [27] and [28] R. Elosua, A. Arquer and L. Mont et al., Lone atrial fibrillation and sport practice. The no gain without pain history revisited again?, Int J Cardiol 118 (2007), pp. 414–415. Article | PDF (85 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0)[28]. It has also been proposed that the relative h ypoglycemia as well as the associated hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia observed during the nighttimes may increase the susceptibility to the vagally-mediated lone AF [24].
It is also of clinical importance to recognize drugs or other agents that trigger AF [29]. Several classes of drugs may induce AF in patients without apparent heart disease, although the relative evidence is largely based on individual case reports [29]. These include cardiac stimulants, antiarrhythmics, cholinergics, sympathomimetic inhalants, xanthines, cytostatics, central nervous system drugs, and others. Most of these agents possibly affect the autonomic tone promoting AF triggering, even in 'healthy' patients without any cardiopulmonary disease [29].
2.3. Atrial substrate
Despite the aforementioned considerations with respect to the role of triggers, several recent studies aimed to investigate the underlying substrate and genetic background in patients with lone AF. Firstly, a maj or concern has been arisen with regard to the proper diagnosis of lone AF given that the application of contemporary echocardiographic techniques often reveals some relevant abnormalities. For instance, modern indexes of diastolic function are not routinely employed during the evaluation of lone AF patients. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction relates to left atrial dilatation and stretch as well as to the development of AF [30]. Li and Wang demonstrated increased serum B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in paroxysmal lone AF patients compared to age- and sex-matched control subjects without differences in left atrial (LA) diameter and LV ejection fraction [31]. However, LV diastolic function parameters and LA volume had not been assessed [31]. On the contrary, Lee et al. showed independent correlations between BNP levels and LA volume index, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and E/E′ (an index of LV end-diastolic pressure) in lone AF patients indicating ear ly LV dysfunction and LA enlargement [32]. It has also been shown that LA volume is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone AF [33]. In addition, a recent echocardiographic case–control study demonstrated that in patients with lone paroxysmal AF, LA area and volume were larger than in healthy volunteers, despite there being similar LV dimensions, ejection fraction, and diastolic function and regardless of the recurrence of the arrhythmia [34]. Thus, 2-dimensional echocardiography in the anteroposterior dimension underestimates the true LA size in patients with lone paroxysmal AF [35]. Even in the presence of normal LV systolic and diastolic functions, LA diameter, and LA systolic activity, the LA diastolic performance may be compromised in patients with lone AF as evidenced by abnormalities of the systolic phase of pulmonary vein (PV) flow [36]. Collectively, it appears that LV diastolic and LA abnormalities are prevalent in appa rently lone AF but it is still unclear whether they represent a cause and/or consequence of the arrhythmia. Remarkably, Reant et al. demonstrated reverse morphological remodeling of the LA and improvement of LV diastolic and systolic functions after restoration of sinus rhythm by ablation for isolated ('lone') AF [37].
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
The anatomical site of arrhythmia initiation was recently investigated by mapping techniques in a group of adolescents with symptomatic, drug-refractory lone AF [38]. These patients were found to have firing irregular foci in the PVs, LA, or crista terminalis whereas in 88.9% of them successful catheter ablation was performed [38]. However, most of them demonstrated repetitive nonsustained atrial firing, with rapid irregular cycle lengths that did not precipitate AF during mapping [38]. With regard to adult patients, Todd et al. have indicated that total electrical isolation of the PV region, by surgical me ans, is highly effective in the management of drug-refractory lone AF [39]. The authors did not perform pre-surgical electrophysiologic studies, but spontaneous sustained AF from the isolated PV region was recorded postoperatively in 4/14 patients [39].
Focal discharges from the pulmonary veins and posterior LA are important in the initiation of AF in patients with structurally normal hearts [40] and [41]. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that sustained AF is the result of a combination of PV vein focal discharge and PV-LA re-entrant activity [42].
2.5. Genetic factors
A growing body of evidence suggests that familial AF is more frequent than previously considered while genetic influences are increasingly recognized as pathogenetic factors [43]. In the Framingham Heart Study, it was demonstrated that the presence of AF in at least 1 parent increases the risk of offspring AF by a factor of 1.85 [44]. Moreover, an analysis of AF cases from an arrhyt hmia clinic indicated that 5% of all AF patients and 15% of lone AF patients had a family history of the arrhythmia [45]. The identification of genetic susceptibility may be of special clinical importance, especially in lone AF patients, providing an etiologic background as well as the basis for therapeutic manipulations and prevention strategies. It has been reported that a substantial proportion (38–39%) of lone AF patients have evidence of familial disease [23] and [46]. It has also been demonstrated that the family members of probands with lone AF have a significantly increased risk of AF compared to that of the general population [46]. Bearing in mind that most episodes of lone AF are short and self-terminated (paroxysmal) or even asymptomatic, it could be concluded that the extent of AF familial aggregation may be underestimated [46].
Familial lone AF appears to be genetically heterogeneous. Genetic linkage analysis and candidate gene association studies have implicated several chromosomal loci and genes [43] and [47]. Recent studies have identified mutations in a series of ion channels; however, these channels appear to be relatively rare causes of AF [48]. Particularly, genes encoding repolarizing potassium channels (KCNQ1, KCNE, KCNJ2, KCNA5, KCNH2), connexins, and components of the renin–angiotensin system have been involved [43], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51] and [52]. Given the demonstrated low prevalence of mutations in the aforementioned potassium channels it can be hypothesized that additional disease genes for familial AF remain to be discovered [48]. For example, genes that encode other types of ion channels or atrial structural proteins can be considered as potential candidates [48].
It has been suggested that a specific polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene is a risk factor for chronic 'lone' AF, while C allele of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphism represents a protective factor [47 ]. In addition, a recent case–control study demonstrated that a common polymorphism of the cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) is present in one-third of lone AF patients representing a significant risk factor for the arrhythmia [53]. The association between Brugada syndrome and AF [54] supports the pathogenetic role of SCN5A. It has been reported that the prevalence of AF in these patients is in the order of 20% [55]. In a very recent study, the prevalence of saddleback ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads (types 2,3 of Brugada pattern) was significantly higher in lone AF compared to the control group (10% vs 0.4%, respectively) [56]. Since SCN5A mutations had been excluded, polymorphism or mutation(s) in genes controlling other ion channels could be present [56]. However, the possibility that electrical remodeling may cause the electrocardiographic saddleback pattern cannot be excluded [56]. Of note, it was recently demonstrated that AF patients without structur al heart disease have significantly shorter QT intervals than their age- and gender-matched healthy counterparts [57]. This finding might be explained by alterations in the slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKs) [57].
2.6. Structural changes
Besides the electrophysiological changes that may contribute to the development and perpetuation of AF, there is also increasing interest with respect to the microscopic structural abnormalities. The gap-junction proteins have currently attracted much interest. Remarkably, Gollob et al. demonstrated 4 novel mutations of the atrial-specific connexin 40 protein in 4 of the 15 patients with idiopathic AF [50]. Also, the aforementioned studies showing implication of renin–angiotensin related genes in lone AF [51] and [52] reinforce the role of this system in atrial remodeling [58]. Further support to this view was provided by recent findings of reduced apelin levels in lone AF, given that this endo genous peptide hormone has a physiological role in the counter-regulation of the angiotensin and vasopressin systems [59]. Currently, there is an intense research interest on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of AF [59] and [60]. Inflammatory indexes, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP) have been related to future AF development, AF recurrences after cardioversion, and to the persistence of the arrhythmia [60] and [61]. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of lone AF remains equivocal and limited. Only the study by Frustaci et al. demonstrated abnormal atrial histology in most of the patients with paroxysmal lone AF refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy (inflammatory infiltrates in 66% of patients) [62]. Conversely, other investigators failed to show inflammatory changes in LA histological specimens from lone AF patients [39]. Furthermore, Ellinor et al. failed to demonstrate increased CRP levels in patients with lone AF compared to controls whi le the opposite was observed in patients with AF and hypertension [63]. It has therefore been postulated that markers of inflammation are associated with the presence of other concomitant diseases [63]. Another case–control study showed elevated CRP levels in lone AF patients; however, subjects with hypertension had not been excluded [64]. In a recent observational study, CRP and interleukin-6 tended to be higher in lone AF patients compared to controls, although this difference did not reach statistical significance [65]. On the other hand, the protective role of polymorphism in IL-10 gene against lone AF could imply an anti-inflammatory mechanism since IL-10 is a major anti-inflammatory cytokine [47].
Another possibility of unexplained 'lone' AF is myocarditis and/or pericarditis. These affections may go unrecognized and when we see for the first time the patient it may be virtually impossible to diagnose the disease responsible for the arrhythmia but struct ural changes caused by the inflammatory infection may ensue. Moreover, the autoimmune reactions that follow a myocarditis may cause long-term atrial inflammatory abnormalities. Maixent et al., in a case–control study, demonstrated the presence of circulating autoantibodies against myosin heavy chain in a significant proportion of patients with lone paroxysmal AF raising the possibility of an autoimmune inflammatory process [66].
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone AF (Fig. 1). Undoubtedly, several issues regarding this form of AF remain elusive and controversial. However, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links will possibly shed more light on its etiology in the near future. The clinicians should be aware of these potential associations and manage effectively all the associated conditions. Finally, the detection of these causes and links using clin ical and laboratory diagnostic methods could potentially lead to the development of specific and individualized therapeutic approaches aiming at the reduction of AF burden.
International Journal of Cardiology - oct 2008
Article in Press, Corrected Proof
'Lone' atrial fibrillation:next term Hunting for the underlying causes and links
Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece bDepartment of Cardiology,
Abstract
The presence of lone fibrillation presupposes the absence of structural heart disease, hypertension, or other known predisposing factors. However, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone fibrillation. In addition, modern diagnostic techniques often reveal some previously unappreciated abnormalities. Therefore, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links sets the base for a more complete elucidation of its etiology in the near future. This concise review article discusses the contemporary advances in the understanding of this form of fibrillation.
< br/>1. Introduction
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
2.2. Triggering factors
2.3. Atrial substrate
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
2.5. Genetic factors
2.6. Structural changes
3. Conclusion
References
1. Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a growing epidemic with significant health consequences and often a difficult management [1], [2] and [3]. It has been proposed that the aging of the population along with the increasing prevalence of associated risk factors accounts for the increase in AF incidence and prevalence during the past few decades [1] and [2]. Although most of the cases are attributable to other cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease, a small proportion is considered to be 'lone'; namely without obvious structural heart disease [4]. The diagnosis of lone AF is a diagnosis of exclusion a nd besides the absence of other cardiopulmonary disease presupposes the absence of hypertension, or any other known and easily identifiable cause, in relative young individuals (< 60 years old) [5]. However, the term 'lone AF' has been variously defined [5]. For example a recent international consensus on nomenclature and classification of AF mentions that only AF in the absence of heart disease is termed 'lone' while in the absence of any disease is termed 'idiopathic' [6]. The investigation for structural heart disease includes history, physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and echocardiography.
The natural history of lone AF has not been well-studied. However, accumulating data suggest that it is associated with a low risk of progression to permanent AF, mortality, congestive heart failure, and stroke/transient ischemic attack [4] and [7]. The increased thromboembolic risk as well as the tendency to become sustained over time seems to be rela ted to aging and other comorbidities that presumably create a substrate for arrhythmia maintenance leading to a vicious cycle [4] and [7]. In other words, the atrial remodeling that facilitates AF progression and thrombus formation may be more prominent in the case of other coexistent morbidities. Of note, the development of AF in the context of other cardiovascular disorders significantly increases morbidity and mortality [2] and [3]. In addition, AF adversely affects the quality of life and exercise capacity of affected individuals [8]. Therefore, the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may be of special value in order to manage these unfavourable effects.
As mentioned before, lone AF does not necessarily mean 'idiopathic'. As Lorbar and Spodick pointed out in the case of pericarditis: 'nothing is idiopathic'; suggesting that meticulous investigation and consideration of contemporary pathogenetic mechanisms may reveal or clarify, at least in part, the underlying etiology [9]. Nevertheless, this point of view could also be applied in the case of lone AF. Recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates several novel epidemiologic and pathophysiologic associations of AF [1] and [10]. It could therefore be hypothesized that many of the recorded lone or idiopathic AF cases are linked to other not well-known factors [11]. In this context, there seems to be an emerging challenge for the identification of the underlying causes and links in order to perform a timely intervention for the interruption of the vicious cycle that leads to atrial remodeling.
2. Causes and links of lone atrial fibrillation
Undoubtedly, AF is a highly heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes, triggers, and substrates that interact with each other [12]. This interplay may be even more complex in the case of apparently lone AF where an overt cardiovascular disorder is lacking.
As outlined before, recent data support the notion that lone AF is a rhythm disturbance with other accompanied abnormalities. It is therefore reasonable to assume that, as medical knowledge advances, truly lone AF will be very rare [7], [11] and [13]. As Frost recently stated: "Perhaps we should stop using terms such as idiopathic or lone because in the end we will find a cause" [11]. This view is also supported by the high reported variation in the prevalence of lone AF (2–11%) indicating that after applying strict criteria this form of AF is much more rare than previously considered [7] and [13].
2.1. Epidemiologic associations
Several novel epidemiological associations of AF have recently emerged. The conditions that have been implicated include obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, increased alcohol consumption, anger and hostility (in men), pulse pressure, and subclinical atherosclerosis (assessed by carotid intima–media thickness) [1], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19 ], [20] and [21]. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms include atrial and ventricular structural changes, increased atrial stretch, autonomic imbalance, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and others [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and [21]. It is therefore tempting to speculate that these conditions, when present in individuals without structural heart disease and hypertension, might contribute to the development of apparently lone AF. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that a cause–effect relationship has not been clearly established while some inconsistent results have been reported [1]. It is also worth noting that some patients may represent occult cases of arterial hypertension that becomes apparent after the initial diagnosis of the arrhythmia [22].
2.2. Triggering factors
Lone AF appears to be more prevalent among males of relative young age [22] and [23]. The majority of patients are initially presented with paroxysmal A F most commonly triggered by sleep, exercise, alcohol use, and eating [23]. Moreover, there seems to be a predilection for tall, lean, and physically fit individuals [24]. It has also been suggested that in this young, apparently healthy, population the relative significance of triggers may be greater than the atrial substrate [24]. It is known that the progression from paroxysmal to persistent and permanent AF implies the development of atrial remodeling, namely electrophysiological and structural changes that promote AF. Consequently, the reported low risk of progression of lone AF to the permanent form [7] reinforces the view for the pivotal role of triggering factors. The pathogenic role of autonomic nervous system in AF is well-documented [25]. Fluctuations of the autonomic tone could be operative in several forms of lone AF such as exercise-induced (sympathetic), and sleeping-induced (parasympathetic) [23] and [24]. However, in most patients there is an interplay betwe en sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations. Vagal stimulation results in shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and hyperpolarization of atrial fibers, leading to increased conduction velocity [26]. These changes occur in some but not all of the atrial tissue, and this is the way re-entry is facilitated [26]. Vagal AF is considered idiopathic in most cases and occurs more frequently in men during periods of increased vagal tone, such as at night or early in the morning [26]. Furthermore, most of the available data support the association between sport practice and lone AF implicating the increased vagal tone as the principal underlying mechanism [27] and [28] R. Elosua, A. Arquer and L. Mont et al., Lone atrial fibrillation and sport practice. The no gain without pain history revisited again?, Int J Cardiol 118 (2007), pp. 414–415. Article | PDF (85 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0)[28]. It has also been proposed that the relative h ypoglycemia as well as the associated hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia observed during the nighttimes may increase the susceptibility to the vagally-mediated lone AF [24].
It is also of clinical importance to recognize drugs or other agents that trigger AF [29]. Several classes of drugs may induce AF in patients without apparent heart disease, although the relative evidence is largely based on individual case reports [29]. These include cardiac stimulants, antiarrhythmics, cholinergics, sympathomimetic inhalants, xanthines, cytostatics, central nervous system drugs, and others. Most of these agents possibly affect the autonomic tone promoting AF triggering, even in 'healthy' patients without any cardiopulmonary disease [29].
2.3. Atrial substrate
Despite the aforementioned considerations with respect to the role of triggers, several recent studies aimed to investigate the underlying substrate and genetic background in patients with lone AF. Firstly, a maj or concern has been arisen with regard to the proper diagnosis of lone AF given that the application of contemporary echocardiographic techniques often reveals some relevant abnormalities. For instance, modern indexes of diastolic function are not routinely employed during the evaluation of lone AF patients. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction relates to left atrial dilatation and stretch as well as to the development of AF [30]. Li and Wang demonstrated increased serum B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in paroxysmal lone AF patients compared to age- and sex-matched control subjects without differences in left atrial (LA) diameter and LV ejection fraction [31]. However, LV diastolic function parameters and LA volume had not been assessed [31]. On the contrary, Lee et al. showed independent correlations between BNP levels and LA volume index, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and E/E′ (an index of LV end-diastolic pressure) in lone AF patients indicating ear ly LV dysfunction and LA enlargement [32]. It has also been shown that LA volume is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone AF [33]. In addition, a recent echocardiographic case–control study demonstrated that in patients with lone paroxysmal AF, LA area and volume were larger than in healthy volunteers, despite there being similar LV dimensions, ejection fraction, and diastolic function and regardless of the recurrence of the arrhythmia [34]. Thus, 2-dimensional echocardiography in the anteroposterior dimension underestimates the true LA size in patients with lone paroxysmal AF [35]. Even in the presence of normal LV systolic and diastolic functions, LA diameter, and LA systolic activity, the LA diastolic performance may be compromised in patients with lone AF as evidenced by abnormalities of the systolic phase of pulmonary vein (PV) flow [36]. Collectively, it appears that LV diastolic and LA abnormalities are prevalent in appa rently lone AF but it is still unclear whether they represent a cause and/or consequence of the arrhythmia. Remarkably, Reant et al. demonstrated reverse morphological remodeling of the LA and improvement of LV diastolic and systolic functions after restoration of sinus rhythm by ablation for isolated ('lone') AF [37].
2.4. Electrophysiological considerations
The anatomical site of arrhythmia initiation was recently investigated by mapping techniques in a group of adolescents with symptomatic, drug-refractory lone AF [38]. These patients were found to have firing irregular foci in the PVs, LA, or crista terminalis whereas in 88.9% of them successful catheter ablation was performed [38]. However, most of them demonstrated repetitive nonsustained atrial firing, with rapid irregular cycle lengths that did not precipitate AF during mapping [38]. With regard to adult patients, Todd et al. have indicated that total electrical isolation of the PV region, by surgical me ans, is highly effective in the management of drug-refractory lone AF [39]. The authors did not perform pre-surgical electrophysiologic studies, but spontaneous sustained AF from the isolated PV region was recorded postoperatively in 4/14 patients [39].
Focal discharges from the pulmonary veins and posterior LA are important in the initiation of AF in patients with structurally normal hearts [40] and [41]. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that sustained AF is the result of a combination of PV vein focal discharge and PV-LA re-entrant activity [42].
2.5. Genetic factors
A growing body of evidence suggests that familial AF is more frequent than previously considered while genetic influences are increasingly recognized as pathogenetic factors [43]. In the Framingham Heart Study, it was demonstrated that the presence of AF in at least 1 parent increases the risk of offspring AF by a factor of 1.85 [44]. Moreover, an analysis of AF cases from an arrhyt hmia clinic indicated that 5% of all AF patients and 15% of lone AF patients had a family history of the arrhythmia [45]. The identification of genetic susceptibility may be of special clinical importance, especially in lone AF patients, providing an etiologic background as well as the basis for therapeutic manipulations and prevention strategies. It has been reported that a substantial proportion (38–39%) of lone AF patients have evidence of familial disease [23] and [46]. It has also been demonstrated that the family members of probands with lone AF have a significantly increased risk of AF compared to that of the general population [46]. Bearing in mind that most episodes of lone AF are short and self-terminated (paroxysmal) or even asymptomatic, it could be concluded that the extent of AF familial aggregation may be underestimated [46].
Familial lone AF appears to be genetically heterogeneous. Genetic linkage analysis and candidate gene association studies have implicated several chromosomal loci and genes [43] and [47]. Recent studies have identified mutations in a series of ion channels; however, these channels appear to be relatively rare causes of AF [48]. Particularly, genes encoding repolarizing potassium channels (KCNQ1, KCNE, KCNJ2, KCNA5, KCNH2), connexins, and components of the renin–angiotensin system have been involved [43], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51] and [52]. Given the demonstrated low prevalence of mutations in the aforementioned potassium channels it can be hypothesized that additional disease genes for familial AF remain to be discovered [48]. For example, genes that encode other types of ion channels or atrial structural proteins can be considered as potential candidates [48].
It has been suggested that a specific polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene is a risk factor for chronic 'lone' AF, while C allele of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphism represents a protective factor [47 ]. In addition, a recent case–control study demonstrated that a common polymorphism of the cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) is present in one-third of lone AF patients representing a significant risk factor for the arrhythmia [53]. The association between Brugada syndrome and AF [54] supports the pathogenetic role of SCN5A. It has been reported that the prevalence of AF in these patients is in the order of 20% [55]. In a very recent study, the prevalence of saddleback ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads (types 2,3 of Brugada pattern) was significantly higher in lone AF compared to the control group (10% vs 0.4%, respectively) [56]. Since SCN5A mutations had been excluded, polymorphism or mutation(s) in genes controlling other ion channels could be present [56]. However, the possibility that electrical remodeling may cause the electrocardiographic saddleback pattern cannot be excluded [56]. Of note, it was recently demonstrated that AF patients without structur al heart disease have significantly shorter QT intervals than their age- and gender-matched healthy counterparts [57]. This finding might be explained by alterations in the slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKs) [57].
2.6. Structural changes
Besides the electrophysiological changes that may contribute to the development and perpetuation of AF, there is also increasing interest with respect to the microscopic structural abnormalities. The gap-junction proteins have currently attracted much interest. Remarkably, Gollob et al. demonstrated 4 novel mutations of the atrial-specific connexin 40 protein in 4 of the 15 patients with idiopathic AF [50]. Also, the aforementioned studies showing implication of renin–angiotensin related genes in lone AF [51] and [52] reinforce the role of this system in atrial remodeling [58]. Further support to this view was provided by recent findings of reduced apelin levels in lone AF, given that this endo genous peptide hormone has a physiological role in the counter-regulation of the angiotensin and vasopressin systems [59]. Currently, there is an intense research interest on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of AF [59] and [60]. Inflammatory indexes, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP) have been related to future AF development, AF recurrences after cardioversion, and to the persistence of the arrhythmia [60] and [61]. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of lone AF remains equivocal and limited. Only the study by Frustaci et al. demonstrated abnormal atrial histology in most of the patients with paroxysmal lone AF refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy (inflammatory infiltrates in 66% of patients) [62]. Conversely, other investigators failed to show inflammatory changes in LA histological specimens from lone AF patients [39]. Furthermore, Ellinor et al. failed to demonstrate increased CRP levels in patients with lone AF compared to controls whi le the opposite was observed in patients with AF and hypertension [63]. It has therefore been postulated that markers of inflammation are associated with the presence of other concomitant diseases [63]. Another case–control study showed elevated CRP levels in lone AF patients; however, subjects with hypertension had not been excluded [64]. In a recent observational study, CRP and interleukin-6 tended to be higher in lone AF patients compared to controls, although this difference did not reach statistical significance [65]. On the other hand, the protective role of polymorphism in IL-10 gene against lone AF could imply an anti-inflammatory mechanism since IL-10 is a major anti-inflammatory cytokine [47].
Another possibility of unexplained 'lone' AF is myocarditis and/or pericarditis. These affections may go unrecognized and when we see for the first time the patient it may be virtually impossible to diagnose the disease responsible for the arrhythmia but struct ural changes caused by the inflammatory infection may ensue. Moreover, the autoimmune reactions that follow a myocarditis may cause long-term atrial inflammatory abnormalities. Maixent et al., in a case–control study, demonstrated the presence of circulating autoantibodies against myosin heavy chain in a significant proportion of patients with lone paroxysmal AF raising the possibility of an autoimmune inflammatory process [66].
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, several recent clinical and experimental data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone AF (Fig. 1). Undoubtedly, several issues regarding this form of AF remain elusive and controversial. However, the increasing recognition of potential causes and links will possibly shed more light on its etiology in the near future. The clinicians should be aware of these potential associations and manage effectively all the associated conditions. Finally, the detection of these causes and links using clin ical and laboratory diagnostic methods could potentially lead to the development of specific and individualized therapeutic approaches aiming at the reduction of AF burden.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Oct 9, 2008
Tour du Lac Leman and Americas Cup home Societe Nautique De Geneve
link to my personal video of the Tour of Lake Geneva
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 21, 2008
News on the US Indoor Rowing Front
My services are now featured on Concept2's website:
Follow the LINK.
Xeno
Follow the LINK.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 15, 2008
Nice little Video from Abercrombie about sculling
cool footage
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 7, 2008
MPEG-4 Versions of Xeno Muller's Indoor Rowing Workouts.
I found a great website that allows me to upload my workouts as MPEG-4 so you can download them onto your IPOD or other MPEG viewing device. Best of all is to use elastic bands and strap the IPOD to the performance monitor of your rowing machine and use your bluetooth headset and you can do a workout with me and see the time fly by.
15 minute workout for all levels of rowing ability. Your coach Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist will make the time go fly.
This is part one of an indoor rowing workout with Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist. The workout is a PYRAMID rate change which lasts 22 minutes. Great for everyone who owns a rowing machine and needs a training partner who has gone to the Olympics and has won the gold medal.
Part 2 of the great Pyramid workout.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 3, 2008
When your weight loss depends on your rowing... and where to use it...
Hello everyone.
Since 08082008, I started training seriously again.
The goal is to drop down to 220 pounds which I have not been since 2001 and increase my stamina to Olympic levels.
For this I have now surgically attached my rowing rowing machine to my rear end. Every waking moment at home I am now sitting on the rowing machine. Yes, I am exaggerating.
I found out a couple of tricks to keep my motivation high.
1. Music in my ears.
2. Stay within the 2mmol target heart rate.
3. Move the rowing machine around the back yard to avoid scenery burn out. And guess what, I might actually take the rowing machine somewhere else, maybe with a view of the Newport Harbor.
4. I need to get a better mic to film workouts elsewhere in the world with different scenery so that YOU, in case you own workouts of mine, don't get scenery burn out.
There is a whole bunch more I would be writing but there is a show on TV that the kids are watching.
Xeno
Since 08082008, I started training seriously again.
The goal is to drop down to 220 pounds which I have not been since 2001 and increase my stamina to Olympic levels.
For this I have now surgically attached my rowing rowing machine to my rear end. Every waking moment at home I am now sitting on the rowing machine. Yes, I am exaggerating.
I found out a couple of tricks to keep my motivation high.
1. Music in my ears.
2. Stay within the 2mmol target heart rate.
3. Move the rowing machine around the back yard to avoid scenery burn out. And guess what, I might actually take the rowing machine somewhere else, maybe with a view of the Newport Harbor.
4. I need to get a better mic to film workouts elsewhere in the world with different scenery so that YOU, in case you own workouts of mine, don't get scenery burn out.
There is a whole bunch more I would be writing but there is a show on TV that the kids are watching.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Sep 1, 2008
LABOR DAY ERG 90 MINUTES
Labor Day Ergo 90 Minutes
Today is the last day of summer vacation for our children. We took off to the beach with Georgia, Xeno, and Christopher. The loved playing in the surf, while Erin and I enjoyed watching them. Reid stayed home with his Mimi.
As we were relaxing, I shared with Erin a thought that came to me the evening before. My plan to return to the Olympics goes through training at home on the rowing machine. Erging is by far more time efficient than rowing on the water. In my case that is extremely important, because I have no time to waste. I share my time with my family, the business, and the Olympic comeback. The primary goal is to increase my aerobic capacity and burn away my excess body weight. I have 25 pounds to lose until I give myself the green light to race on the water. On the picture is my trusted Model E. I train below the aerobic threshold.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 29, 2008
Iron Oarsman for president 2008 a little bit of humor!
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Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 18, 2008
2012 Here I come.
This is just a quick post.
I have decided to train and qualify for the 2012 Olympics. I do not have a plan as to which boat I will try to make.
I will compete for the United States of America.
I will surgically attached the rowing machine to my rear end.
The task at hand is to lose another 35 pounds. I want to race at 210 pounds, which is less then at the Olympic Games in 1996.
It is all about mind over matter. In this case my age of 36 helps me control my diet.
All the best,
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 15, 2008
New Rowing Workout by Xeno Muller, Olympic gold & silver medalist
A new rowing workout is here!!!
This one was filmed in the Newport Beach Harbor. The row is 55 minutes long and takes you on a heart pumping scenic route. You will have a great time rowing with me.
Follow the link to our website here.
All the best,
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 8, 2008
A report on Swiss TV...
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 6, 2008
Personal Narration of the 2000 Olympic Silver Medal Race
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Aug 4, 2008
NCAA ROWING PROGRAM LIST
If you are in high school and have some great rowing scores, you might want to contact rowing coaches on this list.
XENO
XENO
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 27, 2008
Personal narration of the Olympic gold medal race of 1996
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 20, 2008
Olympic gold and silver medalist Xeno Muller in a loaded double scull with almost all his children
Today was a great event. Almost the entire family is sitting in the boat. Erin, my wife was on the shore taking the picture while read was hanging out in the stroller.
Xeno
more photos here
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 19, 2008
Nice rowing style
Peter Graves shortly after the catch, nice style.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 17, 2008
New Rowing Shirts by ERIN!!!! available on our store at:
CLICK HERE TO GET TO OUR STORE!!!
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 16, 2008
Rowing to a better heart, NY Times article
rowing to a better heart NY Times article
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 13, 2008
Xeno and Paul tying in before their final race
Paul and I raced at the Southwest Regional Regatta in Long Beach, a US Rowing sanctioned competition. Paul and I have rowed four times together, and I prompted him to race with me, in the MASTER D event, average age 50+. We had an awesome final race. At three quarters to the finish line we were even in the lead!!! We were not quite able to hold on to first place... W e w i l l b e BACK!!!
Paul, you did a great job!!!
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 9, 2008
This is a note from my good friend Paul who I enjoy coaching. He and I are going to row the Master D double scull at south west regionals
this Sunday July 13th, 2008 in Long Beach. Paul is a great surgeon for pets and wild animals.
Hi Xeno,
As i go to bed to rest for the the next days single rowiing I often reflect on the great experience I have enjoyed watching you row as well as listening to your coaching words on technique and your words of encouragement. I thought I would share some of the individual words you use in coaching that have stuck .
There are many words however these are ones that seem to have been become indelible for me. First,the ALBATROSS; I remember you saying on one of my coaching sessions in the single you said to row long like you were an albatross. My new Vespoli is named Albatross and my reach is becoming long like the Albatross's wing span. Secondly you will frequently say during an erg class or on the water to \SIT TALL AND DON'T SLOUCH! ....fantastic advice that I followed and it has improved my posture , my stroke cycle and how i walk and stand...taller its great. Thirdly, look ELEGANT when you row and row SMOOOOOTHLY; these words have helped relax and organize my stroke sequence. SQUARE UP EARLY and DON' T SPEND TO MUCH TIME AT THE CATCH...oh my goodness has this helped me to smooth out my stroke . These are just a few verbal assists that use routinely but have a hugh impact on who ever hears them. Thank you.
All my best to the family
Paul
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 6, 2008
Duncan Free a rower who can reach gold in China, I found this in couriermail.com.au
I found this article interesting, because I struggled with staying in competition and longing for a more physically calm life in which I was able to spend more energy with my family.
article link
Selina Steele
July 06, 2008 12:00am
VETERAN rower Duncan Free, dipping his oar in for his fourth Olympics, should know better.
It's a glorious Thursday morning on the Gold Coast, a light southwesterly wind caresses the waters outside the Australian Institute of Sport national canoe and kayak centre at Miami.
Most of us haven't yet started our working day, but Free has already completed a two-hour session on the water and, just for good measure, a 60km bike ride.
Back at home, wife Belinda is juggling the demands of their children Danica, 5, Zara, 3, and Luca, 2.
Free has spent tens of thousands of dollars financing his career and his 35-year-old body has battled tendinitis, a bulged disc in his back and arthroscopic surgery on his knee. But it is time away from family that wears on him the most.
"The biggest sacrifice is family time.
"I love training hard and I love putting hours in on the water, but you spend a lot of time away from home and even when you're at home, you're still training three times a day," Free said.
"You're up before they're up and by the time you come home, they've gone to bed. It's a choice to follow your Olympic dream but it's also a sacrifice."
Free won his first and only Olympic medal in 1996: a bronze in the quad scull. In Beijing, he will partner Drew Ginn in the coxless pairs. They have won the past two world titles.
Ginn has two children of his own, but because he lives in Melbourne and Free on the Gold Coast, school holidays have become a complicated affair.
"When it's school holidays in Victoria, Drew moves his family up here so we can train together, and when it's holidays up here I take the family down to Melbourne to train," Free said.
"It's a handful with all the kids, but a good handful.
"Eventually, I want to live a normal life and be able to hang out with my kids and come home from work and have a beer, but I love racing.
"There will be a time when I won't enjoy it any more, but I'm yet to row the perfect race.
"And in Beijing, if we make the final, I know it will be six minutes of hell, but it may also be the perfect race."
For our Olympians, their Beijing dream is about addiction. It is about living their sport to almost the complete exclusion of everything else.
It is also about the 10,000-hour rule.
To excel at something on an expert level, one needs a decade of committed practice. That's 10,000 hours.
Sam Simpson, Australia's only male gymnast representative at the Games, has been learning his craft for 21 years and admits the still rings could make or break his Olympic dream – that or the state's surging petrol prices.
The 24-year-old, who almost quit the sport two years ago, works two part-time jobs and still lives at home to help finance his standing as one of Australia's best gymnasts.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jul 3, 2008
Jun 27, 2008
Kettlebell Training? Y E S ! ! !
Hello rowers and fitness people of all walks of life.
Thanks to my friend Arthur, I can now enjoy my first kettlebell.
I am truly impressed with the simplicity of the "equipment". The kettlebell feels great to hold and allows fluid movement which strengthens the core.
I am excited about incorporating the kettlebell into my weight circuit. There is no doubt that this Russian weight enables people to bypass large weight rooms and awkward weight machines.
I plan to film a new workout DVD which will be a strength circuit specific for rowing and X-training needs.
Xeno
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
My friend Arthur sent me a kettle bell. It sits on my shoulder. My two son's are playing tennis, while I figure out the canon ball with a handle!
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Indoor Rowing with Xeno in California
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Costa Mesa outside Indoor Rowing
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Action at Iron Oarsman with Stepanchuks
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
Jun 26, 2008
Sculling is better for the body than sweep rowing.
Sculling is an ergonomically symmetric sport. Sweep rowing is not. At the US university level, all eight oared shells are sweep boats. As a result many injuries happen because of the asymmetric nature of sweep rowing.
The french lead the way in using sculling eights for young rowers. Here are a bunch of pictures to prove it.
Xeno Muller, Olympic gold and silver medalist, indoor rowing, rowing technique.
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